American Immigration History Essay

the Statesn in-migration chronicle can be viewed in quaternary epochs the colonial catch, the mid-19th century, the start of the 20th century, and post-1965. apiece period brought distinct landal groups, races and socialities to the unify States. During the 17th century, approximately 175,000 slopemen migrated to colonial the States.11 some(prenominal)place half of all atomic phone number 63an immigrants to Colonial America during the 17th and 18th centuries arrived as indentured servants.12 The mid-19th century saw mainly an influx from northern Europe the previous(predicate) 20th-century mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe post-1965 approximatelyly from Latin America and Asia. Historians image that little than iodine jillion immigrantsmayhap as a couple of(prenominal) as 400,000traverse the Atlantic during the 17th and 18th centuries.13 The 1790 flirt limited naturalization to free discolour persons it was expanded to include blacks in the 1860s and Asi ans in the 1950s.14 In the early geezerhood of the joined States, in-migration was a few(prenominal)er than 8,000 masses a year,15 including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti. After 1820, in-migration gradually sum up. From 1836 to 1914, all over 30 one meg million million Europeans migrated to the coupled States.16The fireing rate on these transatlantic voyages was high, during which one in seven leaders died.17 In 1875, the nation passed its first base in-migration law, the Page acquit of 1875.18 The peak year of European in-migration was in 1907, when 1,285,349 persons presented the rural.19 By 1910, 13.5 million immigrants were accompaniment in the unify States.20 In 1921, the social intercourse passed the Emergency Quota chip, followed by the in-migration turning of 1924. The 1924 Act was aimed at further constricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans, especially Jews, Italians, and Slavs, who had begun to enter the country in large poetr y beginning in the 1890s.21 Most of the European refugees fleeing the Nazis and World War II were barricaded from coming to the linked States.22 Immigration patterns of the thirties were dominated by the Great Depression, which run across the U.S. hard and lasted over ecstasy years on that point. In the final prosperous year, 1929, there were 279,678 immigrants recorded,23 but in 1933, completely 23,068 came to the U.S.13 In the early 1930s, much than than people emigrated from the get together States than to it.24 The U.S. regimen sponsored a Mexican Repatriation chopine which was in 10ded to encourage people to voluntarily move to Mexico, but thousands were deported against their provide.25 Alin concert close 400,000 Mexicans were repatriated.26 In the post-war era, the Justice Departmentlaunched effect Wetback, under which 1,075,168 Mexicans were deported in 1954.27 First, our cities will non be flooded with a million immigrants annually. Under the proposed bill, the present level of in-migration remains substantially the same. Secondly, the pagan mix of this country will non be upset.Contrary to the charges in any(prenominal) quarters, the bill will not inundate America with immigrants from any one country or bea, or the most dwell and deprived nations of Africa and Asia. In the final digest, the cultural pattern of immigration under the proposed poster is not expected to change as sharply as the critics seem to think. Ted Kennedy, main(prenominal) Senate sponsor of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.28 The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, besides known as the Hart-Cellar Act, abolished the body of topic-origin quotas. By equalizing immigration policies, the number resulted in peeled immigration from non-European nations, which changed the ethnic make-up of the fall in States.29 mend European immigrants accounted for intimately 60% of the total contrary existence in 1970, they accounted for only 15% in 2000.30 Immigration doubled among 1965 and 1970, and again surrounded by 1970 and 1990.31 In 1990, George H. W. chaparral signed the Immigration Act of 1990,32 which increased juristic immigration to the coupled States by 40%.33 Appointed by peak Clinton,34 the U.S. Commission on Immigration advance recommended reducing legal immigration from nearly 800,000 people per year to approximately 550,000.35While an influx of new residents from different cultures presents some(prenominal) challenges, the United States has always been energized by its immigrant creations, give tongue to President Bill Clinton in 1998. America has constantly drawn strength and tint from wave after wave of immigrants They get hold of proved to be the around restless, the most adventurous, the most innovative, the most industrious of people.36 An analysis of nosecount data found that nearly eight million immigrants entered the United States from 2000 to 2005, to a greater extent than in any former(a) five-year period in the nations chronicle 3.7 million of them entered without papers.3738 Since 1986 recounting has passed seven amnesties for unregistered immigrants.39 In 1986 president Ronald Reagan signed immigration reform that gave amnesty to 3 million undocumented immigrants in the country.40 Hispanic immigrants were among the first victims of the late-2000s recession,41 but since the recessions end in June 2009,immigrants posted a exonerate gain of 656,000 jobs.42 Over 1 million immigrants were granted legal residence in 2011. -Contemporary immigrationUntil the 1930s most legal immigrants were male. By the 1990s women accounted for exclusively over half of all legal immigrants.46Contemporary immigrants tend to be younger than the immanent population of the United States, with people surrounded by the ages of 15 and 34 substantially overrepresented.47 Immigrants argon also more than likely to be married and less likely to be divorced than native-born America ns of the same age.48 Immigrants atomic number 18 likely to move to and live in areas inhabit by people with equivalent backgrounds. This phenomenon has held true throughout the history of immigration to the United States.49 Seven out of ten immigrants surveyed by Public schedule in 2009 verbalize they intended to make the U.S. their immutable home, and 71% said if they could do it over again they would still come to the US. In the same study, 76% of immigrants say the government has become stricter on enforcing immigration laws since the kinsfolk 11, 2001 attacks (9/11), and 24% cross that they personally earn experienced some or a great caboodle of discrimination.50 Public attitudes about immigration in the U.S. were heavily influenced in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks.After the attacks, 52% of Americans believed that immigration was a good thing general for the U.S., down from 62% the year before, fit to a 2009 Gallup poll.51 A 2008 Public Agenda survey found that half of Americans said tighter controls on immigration would do a great deal to enhance U.S. subject field security.52 Harvard semipolitical scientist and historian Samuel P. Huntington argued in Who be We? The Challenges to Americas National identity element that a potential future offspring of continuing massive immigration from Latin America, especially Mexico, might lead to the bifurcation of the United States. The population of illegal Mexican immigrants in the US fell from approximately 7 million in 2007 to 6.1 million in 2011 53 Commentators link the reversal of the immigration reduce to the economic downturn that started in 2008 and which meant fewer available jobs, and to the introduction of tough immigration laws in umteen states.54555657 According to the church bench Hispanic center field the totalnumber of Mexican born persons had stagnated in 2010, and tended toward exhalation into negative figures.58 More than 80 cities in the United States,59 including Washi ngton D.C., clean York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, San Diego,San Jose, common salt Lake City, Phoenix, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, Detroit, Jersey City, Minneapolis, Miami, Denver, Baltimore, Seattle,Portland, Oregon and Portland, Maine, necessitate sanctuary policies, which vary topical anestheticly.60-Effects of immigrationDemographicsThe Census Bureau estimates the US population will grow from 281 million in 2000 to 397 million in 2050 with immigration, but only to 328 million with no immigration.77 A new report from the Pew Research Center projects that by 2050, non-Hispanic whites will account for 47% of the population, down from the 2005 figure of 67%.78 Non-Hispanic whites do up 85% of the population in 1960.79 It also foresees the Hispanic population boost from 14% in 2005 to 29% by 2050.80 The Asian population is expected to more than triple by 2050. Overall, the population of the United States is receivable to rise from 296 million in 2005 to 438 mil lion in 2050, with 82% of the increase from immigrants.81 In 35 of the countrys 50 largest cities, non-Hispanic whites were at the last census or are predicted to be in the minority.82 In California, non-Hispanic whites slipped from 80% of the states population in 1970 to 42.3% in 2008.8384 Immigrant se parity bittism declined in the first half of the century, but has been rising over the past few hug drugs.This has caused questioning of the correctness of describing the United States as a melting pot. One accounting is that groups with lower socioeconomic status sign on in more densely populated area that have access to cosmos transit while groups with higher socioeconomic status move to suburban areas. some another(prenominal) is that some recent immigrant groups are more culturally and linguistically different than in the first place group and prefer to live together due to factors such as dialogue costs.85 Another ex aimation for increased separatism is white flight.86Th e lesson of these 236 years is clear immigration makes America stronger.Immigration makes us more prosperous. And immigration positions America to lead in the 21st century. President Obama, July 4, 2012A stronger gross domestic product means a better threadbare of accompaniment for Americans.Immigrants start small businesses.Immigrant-owned businesses gain jobs for American workers.Immigrants boost demand for local consumer goods. More than 40 percent of batch 500 companies were founded by immigrants or a child of immigrants. According to thePartnership for a refreshed American Economy these companies employ more than 10 million people cosmopolitan and generate annual revenue of $4.2 trillion. Immigrants put in as scientists and engineers.Immigrants develop cutting-edge technologies and companies.Immigrant scientist and engineers positively impact wages. kettle of fish our broken immigration body is critical to bilateral trade and U.S. exports. Fixing our broken immigratio n trunk will help increase inter home(a) travel and tourism to America.mericas immigration system is broken. Too many employers game the system by hiring undocumented workers and there are 11 million people living in the shadows. Neither is good for the parsimoniousness or the country. Together we can digit a fair, effective and common moxie immigration system that lives up to our hereditary pattern as a nation of laws and a nation of immigrants. The Presidents send off builds a smart, effective immigration system that continues efforts to secure our borders and cracks down on employers who require undocumented immigrants. Its a plan that requires anyone whos undocumented to get justly with the law by paying their taxes and a penalty, learning English, and undergoing background checks before they can be eligible to earn citizenship. It requires every business and every worker to break away by the same set of rules. The sleep together cypher movement was an American polit ical movement that operated on a national basis during the mid 1850s.It promised to purify American politics by limiting or ending the influence of Irish Catholics and other immigrants, thus reflecting nativismand anti-Catholic sentiment. It was empowered by usual fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholicimmigrants, whom they saw as dirty to republican values and controlled by the pontiff in Rome. Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to reign over immigration and naturalization, but met withlittle success. social rank was limited to Protestant males. in that respect were few outstanding leaders, and the largely middle-class membership fragmented over the issue of slavery. The most prominent leaders were ex-President Millard Fillmore (the partys presidential nominee in 1856), mom Congressman Nathaniel P. Banks,1 and former congressman Lewis C. Levin. kindlyIrish immigration was opposed in the 1850s by the nativist Know Nothing movement, originating in New York in 1843. It was engendered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants. In 1891, a lynch mob stormed a local jail and hanged several Italians following the forbearance of several Sicilian immigrants alleged to be involved in the murder of New Orleans police chief David Hennessy. The Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921, followed by the Immigration Act of 1924. The Immigration Act of 1924 was aimed at limiting immigration overall, and reservation sure that the nationalities of new arrivals matched the overall national profile. After the September 11 attacks, many Americans entertained doubts and suspicions about people patently of Middle-Eastern origins.citation needed NPR in 2010 fired a prominent black commentator, Juan Williams, when he talked publicly about his fears on seeing people get dressed like Muslims on airplanes.127Racist cerebration among and between minority groups does occur128129 exampl es of this are conflicts between blacks and Korean immigrants,130 notably in the 1992 Los Angeles Riots, and between African Americans and non-white Latino immigrants.131132 There has been a long running racial tension between African American and Mexicanprison gangs, as well as prodigious riots in California prisons where they have targeted individually other, for ethnic reasons.133134 There have been reports of racially motivated attacks against African Americans who have move into neighborhoods occupied mostly by people of Mexican origin, and vice versa.135136 There has also been an increase in violence between non-Hispanic Anglo Americans and Latino immigrants, and between African immigrants and African Americans.137 A 2007 study on soaking up found that Mexican immigrants are less fluent in English than both non-Mexican Hispanic immigrants and other immigrants. While English smoothness increases with time stayed in the United States,although further improvements after the first decade are limited, Mexicans never catch up with non-Mexican Hispanic who never catch up with non-Hispanics. The study also writes that Even among immigrants who came to the United States before they were ve years old and whose total schooling was in the United States, those Mexican born have average teaching method levels of 11.7 years, whereas those from other countries have average levels of upbringing of 14.1 years. Unlike other immigrants, Mexicans have a tendency to live in communities with many other Mexicans which decreases incentives for assimilation. Correcting for this removes about half the fluency difference between Mexicans and other immigrants.138 phantasmal diversityImmigration from South Asia and elsewhere has contributed to enlarging the religious composition of the United States. Islam in the United States is growing mainly due to immigration. Hindooism in the United States, Buddhism in the United States, and Sikhism in the United States are other examp les.139 Since 1992, an estimated 1.7 million Muslims, approximately 1 million Hindus, and approximately 1 million Buddhists have immigrated legally to the United States.Os Imigrantes e as ReligiesA maior religio dos EUA o cristianismo, cerca de 78,4% da populao crist. Tradicionalmente a maioria dos americanos eram majoritariamente protestantes, mas pela primeira vez em 2011 o grupo atingiu porcetagem menor que metade da populao. Ainda assim os americanos continuam sendo de maioria protestante somando 48% ou ainda ma maioria crentes 51% somando afiliaes mrmons. O cristianismo foi introduzidos durante o perodo da colonizao europeia. O cristianismo genus Uma das religies que mais cresce nos EUA. Isto se deve, entre outros fatores, pelo elevado nmero de imigrantes latino-americanos e filipinos que o pas recebe a cada ano. A regio com a maior concentrao de catlicos o Nordeste, que apesar de ter sido colonizada por puritanos, recebeu grande nmero de imigrantes catlicos europeus (princ ipalmente alemes, irlandeses e italianos) a partir da segunda metade do sculo XIX. O Norte, rea de forte influncia da Igreja Batista, por outro lado, a regio com a menor porcentagem de catlicos. OsIngleses, Alemes, Escoceses, Holandeses, Noruegueses entre outros do norte europeu introduziram o Protestantismo, enquanto os franceses, espanhis e irlandeses trouxeram o Catolicismo.Apesar de seu status de religio mais difundida e mais influente nos EUA, o Cristianismo est num declnio relativo contnuo. Quando o nmero absoluto de cristos foi levantado de 1990 a 2001, a porcentagem crist da populao caiu de 88.3% para 79.6%. O Judasmo a quarta maior preferncia religiosa nos EUA. Os judeus atuais esto presentes nos EUA desde o sculo XVII, embora a imigrao em grande escala no tenha ocorrido at o sculo XIX, em maior parte por causa das perseguies na Europa Oriental. O CIA Fact Book estima que 1% dos americanos pertencem a esse grupo. Aproximadamente 25% dessa populao vive em Nova York. O Budi smo entrou nos EUA durante o sculo XIX com a chegada dos primeiros imigrantes da sia Oriental. O primeiro templo budista foi estabelecido em San Francisco em 1853 pelos chineses-americanos.Ao longo do sculo XIX, missionrios budistas do relisho vieram aos EUA. Simultaneamente a estes processos, certos intelectuais dos EUA ficaram interessados pelo budismo. O sculo XX foi caracterizado por uma continuao das tendncias do sculo XIX. A segunda metade, pelo contraste, viu uma emergncia de correntes principais do movimento budista que tornou-se uma massa e um fenmeno religioso social. Estimativas do nmero de budistas nos Estados Unidos variam de 0.5% a 0.9%. No que diz respeito a histria do Isl nos EUA, ainda que muito pequena, a populao muulmana aumentou extremamente nos ltimos cem anos. Boa parte do crescimento foi por causa da imigrao e pela converso. At um tero dos muulmanos americanos so africanos que se converteram ao Isl durante os ltimos setenta anos.A imigrao muulmana aumentou em 2005, assim como mais pessoas de pases islmicos se tornaram residentes legais permanentes nos EUA do que qualquer ano, nas duas dcadas anteriores. A estimativa de muulmanos nos EUA de 2,35 milhes (0,8% do total da populao). A primeira vez que o Hindusmo entrou nos Estados Unidos no est claramente identificado. No entanto, grandes grupos de hindus emigraram da ndia e de outros pases asiticos desde o Ato pela Imigrao e Nacionalidade de 1965. Durante as dcadas de 1960 e 1970, o fascnio pelo Hindusmo contribuiu para o pensamento New Age. Atualmente, as estimativas de hindus nos Estados Unidos sugerem um nmero de quase 800.000 pessoas, ou cerca de 0.4% do total da populao. A religio hindu est emcrescimento nos Estados Unidos, no s graas a imigrao, mas tambm devido a converso de muitos ocidentais. Place of birth for the foreign-born population in the United States Top ten countries 2010 2000 1990Mexico 11,711,103 9,177,487 4,298,014China 2,166,526 1,518,652 921,070India 1,780,322 1,022, 552 450,406Philippines 1,777,588 1,369,070 912,674Vietnam 1,240,542 988,174 543,262El Salvador 1,214,049 817,336 465,433Cuba 1,104,679 872,716 736,971South Korea 1,100,422 864,125 568,397 Dominican Republic 879,187 687,677 347,858Guatemala 830,824 480,665 225,739All of Latin America 21,224,087 16,086,974 8,407,837 All Immigrants 39,955,854 31,107,889 19,767,316