We Must Protected Our Society From Repeated Offenders

People who keep committing crimes over, over and over again about to start facing serious jail time, the book discuss that we must protected our society from repeated offenders. Therefore kids who committing murders are about be charged as adults. The reason for that because kids know right from wrong, why give them a leeway just because they are kids. If you don’t punish kids for what they did first time they going keep doing it until they are punish. It’s not about protecting the offender but protecting the victims that’s been hurt by offenders (pg.322). However we offered many programs so that offender can stay out of trouble and not repeat the same crimes over. The book talks about the diversion and transitional programs that can be helpful to juvenile’s, so they can stay out of trouble. Diversion program allows the teen speak with social worker and probation officer. While the transitional program help them earn jobs in community and earn high school diploma or some trade while in detention center. These programs are just not offered to juveniles they are many programs for people while in prison or federal prison that they can attend. Frustration – aggression theory best describes this case study. The reason I choose frustration aggression because Shawn was having problems sleeping at night and problems with his parents due to him smoking and drinking. The frustration lead Shawn go into his parents’ bedroom and stabbed his father in arm,Show MoreRelatedEssay Parole Should Be Abolished1714 Words   |  7 PagesNew York. It’s process provides for early conditional release from prison for convicted felons, after part of their prison sentence has been served, and they are found to be eligible for parole based on factors such as: conduct while incarcerated, rehabilitative efforts/progress, type of offense, and remorse for their crime. Its use has been expanded to many states, and today has become the primary w ay by which offenders are released from prisons and correctional institutions. Unfortunately, paroleRead MoreThe Decision For Transfer A Youth3437 Words   |  14 Pages The decision to transfer a youth to criminal court is a very sensitive subject to every individual who care about the young ones in society, because it pertains to our youths who are considered to be â€Å"the future.† Many will ask under what circumstances transfer should be allowed. 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Our case study can be related to the latter aspect as we are focussing on the way the NHS processesRead MoreThe Decision For Transfer A Youth3815 Words   |  16 Pagestransfer to criminal court is a very sensitive subject to every individual who care about the young ones in society, because it pertains to our youths who are considered to be â€Å"the future.† Many will ask if it is right for us to allow juveniles to be transferred to adult criminal court, and if so under what circumstances. Some believe that the best course of action regarding juvenile offenders is not transferring them to criminal court but rehabilitation – these individuals view punishment as a failedRead MoreThe Biblical Perspectives of Crime4108 Words   |  16 PagesPerspectives Crime and violence is rampant throughout the world. Laws exist to maintain order and peace and provide for the safety and well-being of all members of society. Acts that disrupt and threaten this system of order are deemed criminal in nature and are punishable by law. It is believed that criminal types operate from a self-centered framework that shows little, if any regard, for the safety and well-being of others (Merton, 2006). Christianity teaches us that crime is also causedRead MoreProtection from Harm Abuse - Essay Case Study2840 Words   |  12 Pagesof abuse using both sociological and psychological perspectives to contribute to our understanding of the causes of abuse. I will define the types, indicators, signs and symptoms of abuse and its impact on families and individuals, identifying factors relevant to the case study, recognising and explaining current legislation making reference to Government reports/inquiries and research into failures to protect from harm and abuse. I will consider the policies and procedures that my work placeRead MoreJuvenile Crime Issues in Today’s Criminal Justice System18893 Words   |  76 Pagesthreatened by technological advances and other developments:  ©  ©  ©  © chapter 15 Juvenile Justice chapter 16 Drugs and Crime chapter 17 Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice chapter 18 The Future of Criminal Justice These individual rights must be effectively balanced against these present and emerging community concerns: Widespread drug abuse among youth The threat of juvenile crime Urban gang violence High-technology, computer, and Internet crime (cybercrime) Terrorism and narcoterrorismRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children3821 Words   |  16 Pagesmistreat these precious lives. Imagine for a moment what it’s like to be in a situation where the persons you trust to care for and guide over you, are the ones that place these victims in this complex problems in which they are not able to resist from taking its course. â€Å"According to RAINN child abuse organization child abuse is a when a perpetrator intentionally harms a minor physically, psychologically, sexually, or by acts of neglect committing such a crime that may have long lasting effectsRead MoreDomestic Violence And Violence Against Women2254 Words   |  10 Pages dating or cohabitation† (Aziz Mahmoud, 2010). There are many forms of abuse from verbal and emotional to physical that often escalates over time in intensity for the victim. Data from the criminal justice system, hospital patient medical records and mental health records, police reports, surveys and social services reports of thousands of women revealed that many are injured and killed as a result of violence from someone close to them. â€Å"The US Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) defines domesticRead MoreAnimal As We Love Ourselves3256 Words   |  14 PagesLove Animal As We Love Ourselves Do animals have feelings too? Yes, of course animals have feelings just like humans do. This means that if humans are not abused or neglected, then animals should not be abused or neglected too. Imagine someone walking into a house to be greeted by a dog or cat with bruises, scratches, hungry, and in pain. These animals have been abused or neglected until they die from suffering. Animals are beaten and starved everyday and millions of helpless animals

Patriotism in Malaysia - 1747 Words

The Malaysian Bar Patriotism cannot be forced onto a Malaysian Contributed by Charles Hector The compulsory national service training programme is intended to foster the spirit of patriotism, encourage racial integration, and develop positive and noble traits among the younger generation (Malaysiakini 13/6/2003). The targeted group is our youth of about 18 years. The object of this programme was expressed by Defence Minister Najib Tun Razak, who chairs the special cabinet committee. The programme will focus on basic military training, patriotic training and personal development including community service. (Malaysiakini 17/6/2003) In the military, one is trained to follow orders of superiors without question. Would this be one of†¦show more content†¦Suppression of patriots kills patriotism. The announcement by the Minister of the removal of the controversial clause in the National Service Bill which makes it an offence to incite others from not participating in the programme was retracted due to complaints from the public (Malaysiakini 25/6/2003) must be applauded as a success for the cause for freedom of expression and as an example of a good leadership trait, ie of a leader that listens to voices of the Malaysian people. In tabling the Bill, the Minister was reported to have said that it is the responsibility of the people to ensure that multiracial Malaysia continues to be stable and strong to achieve development in view of various new attacks such as globalisation and liberalisation. Therefore, we cannot let the polarisation and alienated relation among races to continue. (Malaysiakini 25/6/2003). The national service training council is to have persons representing the major races. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multi-religious nation. In Peninsular Malaysia, as an example, the major ethnic group cannot simply be said to be Malays, Chinese and Indians. Take Indians for example: they are in reality comprised of many ethnic groups like the Tamils, Telugus, Gujeratis, Punjabis, Malayalees and Goanese. Then there are also the Sri Lankan Tamils (Ceylonese)Show MoreRelatedWhat is Nationalism?796 Words   |  3 PagesI agree that the main reason for formatting nation-states is nationalism. Nationalism can be defined as a combination of patriotism with sensation of nation, it includes patriotism and nation concepts (Hayes 1960: 2). Kohn (1955) defines nationalism as a state of mind, each person will be piety to their state highly because of their nation-state (Berberoglu 2004: 6). Nation-state could be defined as a group of people who have the awareness to community which share a common culture, past memory andRead MoreResearch and Study on the National Service Training Program in Malaysa1009 Words   |  5 Pages CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY The National Service Training Program in Malaysia started in 2004 after the Malaysian Parliament agreed on the execution of the program. The objectives of the program are to increase the patriotism spirit among the younger generation, to instill racial harmony and national integrity, to from positive character through moral value, to develop volunteerism, and to create younger generation who are active physically, mentally and filled with selfRead MoreRukun Negara1624 Words   |  7 PagesThis idea was made after the bloody tragedy of May 13 1969 where a racial clash had eroded among some races in Malaysia. 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The results of this study indicate eight main themes of mental toughness profile from the respondent which include 1) motivation 2) negative energy control 3) self-confident 4) positive energy control 5) imagery 6) patriotism 7) religiosity 8) Focus. These findings further support that the first component identified is motivation. Motivation component contribute 21.9 %, the highest mental toughness main theme among recent Malaysian football players. Intrinsic motivationRead MoreThe Main Causes of World War 1 Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagescountry that actually caused the Great War. In 1891, Germany formed an influential group with two different programs for the development of patriotism. The influential group named Pan-German League made propaganda in industrial and government circles and also managed other organizations among Germans abroad. The only purpose of these programs was to develop patriotism of their nation. (Stewart, Fitzgerald, Pickard 62) By inculcating nationalism in people’s heart, the German government convinced them toRead MoreCivic and Citizenship Education in Malaysia2711 Words   |  11 PagesCIVIC AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA SCHOOLS ABSTRACT â€Å"Member States should promote, at every stage of education, an active civic training which will enable every person to gain a knowledge of the method of operation and the work of public institutions, whether local, national or international; and to participate in the cultural life of the community and in public affairs. Wherever possible, this participation should increasingly link education and action to solve problems at the local

American Participation in NATO Free Essays

North Atlantic Alliance Organization was founded in 1949 by 12 countries: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the UK, and the USA. Greece and Turkey joined NATO in 1952, Germany (German Federative Republic) in 1955 and Spain in 1982. The agreement that was signed between the members of NATO in Washington, April, 4 1949 assumed mutual assistance and collective security, primary against the threat of the Soviet Union. We will write a custom essay sample on American Participation in NATO or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was the first union of after war period in the history, made by the USA and which assumed the union of capitalist countries. The main reason for NATO creation were very aggressive relations between the USA and the USSR, especially after Warsaw Pact, or a pact that united all communistic regimes in Eastern Europe with the head of the USSR. The results of Warsaw pact were the following: besides mutual assistance in the sphere of economics, science and education the countries participants agreed the USSR to place its troops on their territories. Romania, Poland, DDR (eastern Germany), Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia agreed to dislocate Soviet troops on their territories. As the result a Soviet threat was created to the countries of Western Europe who were rather weak and could not have anything similar to individual defense after the WW2. In March 1948 five European countries signed Brussels treaty, which was the basis for NATO foundation a year later. The main principle of NATO is its fifth article, which says that all participants agree that military attack against one of the them is considered to be the attack against all of the countries participants. NATO’s principles were developed in the USA in accordance to the 51st article of UN’s rules that assumed the right to create organizations for collective security. This right also makes the nations to participate in economical, political and social integration and mutual assistance. NATO’ as military forces were formed in 1950 as a feedback to the events in Korea that turned into war in June 1950. Korean war or the aggression of North Korea was considered to be a part communist intervention in the east. The war ended in 1953 on the border of North Korea with South Korea on the 47th parallel the place where it had started 3 years before. The main body that directs NATO’s policy is the NATO’s council, which is situated in Brussels (before 1967 all the meetings were held in Paris). Every country-participant of NATO provides a representative f an embassy level, and the meetings are held at least once a week. NATO played an important role in the solution of different conflicts that took place in the world starting from war in Korea and ending military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan. If during the years of the cold war the biggest attention was turned to resistance to the USSR military system based in Eastern Europe, than in the years of after cold war period it’s mostly directed on the preserving peace and stability in the world. Probably the coldest relations between the USA and USSR started during Kennedy’s office as disagreements with Soviets led to the missile crisis in Cuba. That was a turning point in the relations between two countries that resulted into two decades of real â€Å"Cold War†. Scared by the dislocation of military bases in Turkey and Greece Soviet ministry of defense on the head with country’s leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to locate Soviet missiles on the island of Cuba, where new revolutionary government was loyal to communistic ideology and was financed by the Soviets. Fortunately missile crisis was solved, but it put the seeds of more distrust and mutual fear both in NATO countries and countries of Warsaw Pact. How to cite American Participation in NATO, Papers

Legal Aspects of Oil Management

Question: Examine and evaluate the key areas and features that governments should focus on during their negotiation process and in the drafting of contracts with the International Oil Companies. Answer: Introduction Resource rich nations intend to use their natural resources for the purpose of securing funds for their development process. In doing so, the governments enter into contracts with international oil companies to explore, develop their resources. The oil companies as well as the government put a lot of efforts in order to understand the commercial and technical aspects of oil exploration. The very first challenge which the governments face is the negotiation process. Countries like Kazakhstan, Bolivia, Mexico and various other developing countries consider their oil and natural gas resources as assets belonging to the country as a whole and not to any private individual or entity. No matter whosoever owns the surface land and associated rights, the oil and gas resources are owned by the government and this very fact is enshrined in the laws of the nations. Nations which are rich in oil and natural gas resources try to magnetize the participation of the oil companies which possesses ade quate expertise and resources so as to exploit and properly market their resources. But while negotiating they face several problems as these companies are far more experienced in negotiating these type of contracts and also their knowledge about oil exploration is much high. In the process of negotiation the oil companies appear to be extremely motivated. They make every possible effort to reduce costs. The oil companies tend to tailor their process of negotiation depending on the political situation in the impugned country. The attitude of the oil companies in the negotiation process is generally found to be inflexible, aggressive and cynical. As far as the governments are concerned, negotiating contracts in the proper manner is essential. Three options are available to the governments for development of their natural resources. These include; creation of state companies for exploration, production and development. For instance countries like, Mexico, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela have done so; inviting foreign companies to explore their resources and in the process develop them, as in the case of Russia, Canada, United Kingdom. They may as well use a combination of these two ways. Countries like Kazakhstan, Nigeria and Indonesia have done so. Setting the Parameters Governments do not pay adequate attention to the negotiation process in spite of the intense interest and size of the stake holders. As far as the producing nation is concerned, a lot is at stake with these types of contracts. Governments generally engage experts to handle the complex issues in these types of contracts; like, lawyers for their knowledge of the legal field, engineers for their technical knowledge etc (Langford, 2014). Oil contracts emerge out of direct negotiations. There are various complex issues involved in an oil contract. Negotiations generally flourish on indecision. Such indecision is the result of lack of awareness of the probable oil find, the alienation of the negotiating partner or the incapability to make future predictions. Good negotiators are well aware that whatever the situation might be there is always a weak point, if made proper use of the said weak moment there is a high probability to win. While negotiating oil contracts various issues must be considered. These include; the dynamic nature of market, the exploration costs, the probable size of the fields etc. This is a never ending list. Expertise and judgmental power is needed to determine the priority of each and every issue and then to be able to strike a balance so that none of the contracts are identical to each other. Issues involved in the Negotiation Process The issues which arise during negotiation process may be put under two heads; one is the conflict zone and the other includes the factors which are not generally paid heed to during negotiation process. These factors are the environmental, social, political and economic. The company spends almost 90-90% time in this zone. This is the zone where the company feels in control and recruits skilled personnel (Radon, 2012). Dealing with the indigenous communities Apart from the two principal contracting parties, i.e., the oil companies and the governments, the oil negotiations are of great significance to various other groups or individuals. These groups include, owners of the surface land, many a time indigenous communities as they nowadays they have started demanding compensation for the disturbance and use of their property. Though such groups are not formally part of the said negotiation process yet their demands have to be taken into consideration while negotiating. The demands of the local communities have to be settled through these negotiation processes. They generally ask for either compensation or jobs offers. The oil companies usually make commitments to engage local labor and also to render support in development of the local communities (Likosky, 2009). These negotiations are invariably time consuming at the same time intense. These negotiations are many a time heated as well. Factor of Time The negotiations of oil contracts are to a great extent dependent on time responsive factors like present condition of the market in connection with the price of oil, the prevailing political and economic situation in the host country as well as on the probability as to how such factors would vary in future. Thus an oil contract must include such terms which would be able to survive the challenge of time by way of anticipation of foreseeable as well as unforeseeable demands and changes. For instance, Norway, which was known for its instability had to introduce tax regimes favorable to the oil companies so as to allure the oil companies to come and invest in the uncertain and geographically challenging terrains. But Norway did not endanger its future by making these tax regimes permanent and increased the taxes within three years. There is one simple solution to deal with the problem of insufficient arrangement in the ever changing situations; to ensure that the contracts are more rea ctive to the changing circumstances. With time domestic conditions prevailing in a country also tend to change (HM Government, 2013). The stability clause has to be drafted in such manner that the oil company may be compensated for the changes which take place in the laws, rules and regulations of a country. For instance, a country is made to comply with a new environmental policy the cost of oil exploration and development would increase consequently. The oil companies in such cases would have to be exempted from the compliance of such law and if in case such exemption is not possible, the government would have to reimburse the oil companies for the cost of compliance. The stability clauses are used by the oil companies to exclude the application of the laws of the host country. Even the jurisdiction of the courts of the host country is not applicable to these clauses. Expert Negotiators In order to select the personnel who would represent the negotiating team the government faces various problems. Negotiation is no less than an art which requires giving effect to a plan, good tactics as well as the ability to segregate negotiable factors like compensation from non negotiable factors like matters concerning regulation, considering and addressing the concerns of the oil companies. It is evident that the oil companies are under any circumstance in a better position as regards skill, finance and preparedness while negotiating with the governments. On the other hand, the resource rich developing nations do not possess adequate technical, financial or legal knowhow. The nations must treat the negotiations as an investment and attempt to hire independent, skilled as well as dedicated negotiators so as to be on the same footing as the oil companies in the negotiation process. But the oil rich developing countries often overlook the importance of engaging expert negotiators for the negotiation process. Oil contracts invariably require expert advice as they cover a wide range of complicated factors. The aim of the oil contracts should be to reach mutually agreeable and reasonable balance between the interests of the investor company as also the nation concerned. It may be stated that expert advice is the mantra for being able to make successful negotiations. Conflict of Interest In negotiating these types of contracts the government often faces conflict of interest. On one hand the government is expected to act as the protector of public interest by using its regulatory powers. The government is also required to create an investment friendly environment so as to magnetize investors which in turn would create employment and render economic growth (Haley, 2004). On the other hand being the signatory to a commercial oil contract the government acts as a business personnel with the intention of profit maximization. Thus the government on the one hand intends to maximize profits from oil negotiations and at the same time it has to find objects for its own regulations. This type of problem though may be manageable in a developed nation it might not be so in the case of developing nations. Transparency It is expected of the negotiators to maintain transparency in the process of negotiation. Transparency is in fact deemed to be the key aspect to increase public acceptability of contracts. Transparency in this context includes, disclosing the contractual terms as well as the consideration paid there under though certain matter must remain confidential for a specific duration of time. Transparency also serves as a way for doing away with corruptions associated with these contracts. It is transparency which prevents government officials to incorporate or accept to such terms in the oil contracts which might face criticism from the citizens (Brinsmead, n.d.). Form of Contract The form or the type of contract is a critical decision for the government. There are four types of contract which the government and the international oil companies may elect to adopt while making the agreement. These have been discussed as follows; Joint Ventures A joint venture comes into existence when two or more parties intend to enter into a joint venture undertaking. It is essential for the ones who are parties to a joint venture to understand the ways by which each conduct their business, their goals as well as interests. In the absence of such understanding it is almost impossible to come up with a joint venture agreement. Since joint ventures are open ended contracts, oil companies as well as the government of the host countries are less likely to enter into a joint venture agreement. Advantages for the government: In case a government of a host country enters into a joint venture agreement the only advantage it can avail of is that it does not have to make decisions all by itself and it has the liberty to count on the expertise of oil companies. In fact under this type of contract the government shares profits along with the oil company. Disadvantage: There is a flip side to this sharing process. Along with profits, costs and risks must also be shared. Thus under this type of contract the government of the host country happens to participate directly in the process of oil extraction. Production-Sharing Agreements (Also Referred To As PSA) The major characteristic of PSA is that under these type of agreements the oil ownership rests with the citizens of the host country and not with private entities. But the management and operation of the oil fields along with the associated risks rests with the oil companies. The terms regarding finances in a PSA are almost similar to that of a licensing agreement. The government of the host country is entitled to earn a signing bonus but such bonus is generally waived so as to earn profits in future. Under this type of agreement the government of the host country must reimburse the oil company as operating expenses. Recovery of costs for the current expenditure is immediate whereas the recovery of costs for capital investment is done over a period of many years. The oil companies usually have to bear taxes which fall under its share but the governments of the host countries often waive such taxes and are included in the governments share of profits. The success of a PSA would depend upon the accuracy of the legal framework of the host country. Advantages for host government: All risks under this type of agreement rests with the oil companies. Apart from the cost of negotiation the host government would not have to risk any other losses. Even if an oil exploration project fails the government of the host country does not have to bear losses. These type of contracts enable the government of the host country to earn profits without having to make investments unless it does so with its own accord. Disadvantages for host government: The very nature of the PSA is that it is an inclusive document and this very nature serves as a disadvantage for the host government. License or Concession Agreements These agreements have been introduced in the early 1900s. These are primarily one sided contracts. In the present times such contracts serve to grant the oil companies exclusive rights for exploration, development, sale as well as export of minerals and oil for a specified time period. The oil companies offer the host countries signing bonus for acquiring such rights. These contracts are often opted forms of contracts. Advantages: From the view point of a developing country the advantages of this type of contracts are considerable. These type of contracts are far more straightforward as compared to other forms of contracts. The extent of export support and advise required for entering into this type of contracts are also comparatively less. Disadvantages: The prime disadvantage of this type of contract from the viewpoint of a developing country is its commercial aspect. The bidding process is generally similar to an auction. The oil companies have to take risks regarding the price for the license. Service Agreements Over and above the above type of contractual arrangements service agreements may as well be entered into. The essence of this type of agreement is that it provides disbursement for particular services and tasks. This type of agreement would not be very useful for the long run. Terms of Contract Certain provisions common to all the above types of agreements have been discussed as under; Parties When one of the parties is the government, the choice of parties must be made carefully. In case the host government becomes a direct party it has to bear unlimited liability as well as direct responsibility. But the said liability may be restricted if one of the government enterprises is made a party. Work Program The oil companies tend to slow down the projects which it considers to be comparatively expensive. Thus the host government must insist on such a work plan which unambiguously lays down the circumstances under which a project may be delayed or shelved. Stabilization Stabilization provisions, if incorporated, proved to be highly disadvantageous for the oil companies as it makes the legal system of the country ineffective and the government may have to pay compensation to the investors. Termination The contract must unambiguously specify the circumstances under which the contract would be terminated. Conclusion At present the oil producing nations must invariably possess the professional know-how for negotiating oil contracts with the international oil companies. The negotiation process must at the same time be open. The companies have to make the oil companies feel secure as to the fact that they would be treated fairly. A sense of fair return and fair treatment would I the long run prove to be beneficial for the international oil companies in this competitive market.

Solo Experience free essay sample

Over 50 miles from the nearest gas station and a five-day paddle from any sort of infrastructure, I stepped out of the canoe, waved good-bye to my fellow leaders in training and entered the unknown. Armed with my pocket knife, a tarp, 20 feet of rope, a fishing rod, a Bible, a journal, my sleeping bag, clothes, water, an apple and two granola bars, I suddenly realized that for the next 48 hours, these would be my only companions. As I stood on the shoreline, staring into the decomposing forest of Northern Quebec, with the sun setting on my back, I was frozen and irritated. Swatting at swarms of no-see-ums and mosquitoes, I wondered, Whose idea was this anyway? What benefit is there to spending two days alone with nothing but trees and bugs? Awakening the next morning to a soaked sleeping bag and pummeling rain only heightened my discontent, yet it was under these conditions that I was able to clearly examine my life in a way I never had before. We will write a custom essay sample on Solo Experience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As my solo experience took its course, the saying The quieter you become, the more you can hear took on a whole new meaning. I had been in the wilderness before; most of my summer had been spent outdoors climbing mountains and growing in a group dynamic. But being here alone, removed from every distraction in such a remote place, had a completely different effect. What started as a seemingly pointless and agitating proposition transformed into a beneficial one that I knew I would take full advantage of. So, instead of sitting under the tarp brooding about my misfortune and cursing the rain, I made the most of it. Every difficulty that came my way, I took on with impassioned vigor. When it started to rain and I got wet because I hadnt set up my tarp correctly, it was my fault. There was no one else to blame. The realization that I was responsible for controlling all time and action and overcoming all conflict had an immediate effect. Consequently, as I went about my day reading, fishing and writing, I underwent some serious introspection. As a result I began to see myself as an individual adept at overcomin g challenges of any environment. As I came to see my own power and potential, I also found myself examining the many relationships and people who have graced my life. From family to friends, away from the everyday hustle and bustle of life, appraisal and investigation of how my actions affected both their lives and mine became increasingly natural. As the hours wore on, my stomach started to growl, and discomfort reached an all-time high. Oddly, though, things became clearer. The adversity had in fact spawned a growth process, one that would stick with me and equip me with a new sense of individuality and awareness of my role as a human being. And although I was miserable, hungry and irritated at the time, looking back, I cherish those moments to myself huddled in a soaked sleeping bag in the middle of nowhere.

The Ultimate SAT Spanish Subject Test Study Guide

The Ultimate SAT Spanish Subject Test Study Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Applying to highly selective schools often means submitting SAT Subject Test scores along with your regular SAT or ACT scores. Si espaà ±ol es pan comido para usted, then taking the SAT Spanish Subject Test is a great way to fulfill part of the subject test requirement. Read this guide to learn more about what’s on the SAT Spanish Subject Test and whether or not you should take it. We’ll go over format, test content, where to find good practice material, and tips to help you when studying and taking the test. Table of Contents What’s the Test Format? When Can You Take It? Should You Take the SAT Subject Test in Spanish? Choosing the Right SAT Subject Test: Spanish or Spanish with Listening? What Does the Test Cover? Part A: Vocabulary and Structure Part B: Paragraph Completion Part C: Reading Comprehension SAT Spanish with Listening Question Styles Where to Find SAT Spanish Practice Tests 4 SAT Spanish Study Tips Test-Day Tips En Conclusià ³n What’s Next? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or more? We've put our best advice into a single guide. These are the 5 strategies you MUST be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download this free SAT guide now: What’s the Test Format? There are two different SAT Spanish tests you can choose from. The regular SAT Spanish Subject Test is like most other standardized tests- you’ll be asked multiple choice questions about what you read in the test booklet. The Spanish with Listening Subject Test is a little different because the test starts by asking you to answer around 30 multiple choice questions based on listening to recordings (followed by ~55 questions you’ll answer based on what you read). SAT Spanish SAT Spanish with Listening What’s it out of? 200-800 points 200-800 points How long is it? 60 minutes for reading questions 60 minutes total (20 min for listening questions, 40 minutes for reading questions) How many questions is it? 85 Around 85 (around 30 listening questions, 55 reading questions) For both of these tests, you’ll need to answer about 85 multiple choice questions (each with four possible answer choices). Each correct answer is worth one point, each skipped or unanswered question is worth 0 points, and each incorrect answer is worth negative 0.25 points (to discourage random guessing). When you take the Spanish with Listening Subject Test, you’ll need to bring along an approved CD-player to use for the listening questions. Return to the table of contents. Robert Leverington/Flickr When Can You Take the SAT Subject Test in Spanish? The regular SAT Spanish Subject Test is offered in August, October, December, May, and June. The Spanish with Listening Subject Test is only offered in November*. Here’s a snapshot of what the SAT II Spanish test dates look like for the school year 2019-2020: SAT Spanish SAT Spanish with Listening August 24, 2019 âÅ"” October 5, 2019 âÅ"” November 2, 2019 âÅ"” December 7, 2019 âÅ"” May 2, 2020 âÅ"” June 6, 2020 âÅ"” In future years the dates may shift around a little, but the SAT Spanish Subject Test will always be offered in these months around the same dates. You can find the most up-to-date information about SAT Subject Test dates here. *SAT Language tests with listening will be offered in November up through November 2020; after that, they will only be offered in May (starting May 2021). Return to the table of contents. Should You Take the SAT Spanish Subject Test? The College Board recommends that you should only take the SAT Spanish Subject Test if you’ve studied 3-4 years of high school Spanish (or two years, if you’re an advanced student). To be blunt, SAT Language Subject Tests are extremely difficult to do well on for non-native speakers because your performance is being compared to that of native speakers who take the test. The curve isn’t quite as bad on Spanish as it is for some of the other language tests, but in general, there are only three cases in which you should think about taking a SAT Subject Test in Spanish. Case 1: Spanish Is Your Strongest Subject Some highly selective colleges require or recommend students to submit at least two SAT Subject Test scores along with their applications. If application requirements are why you’re taking an SAT Subject Test, Spanish should only be your choice if it’ll be one of your best scores. To know if you'll be able to do well on the SAT Spanish Subject Test, we've put together this table with what it takes to get a good score on the SAT Spanish Subject Test (excerpted from our article on what’s a good Subject Test score). 70th+ %ile score 80th+ %ile score 90th+ %ile score Spanish 730-740 760 790-800 Spanish with Listening 750-760 770 790 If you’re going to be able to hit a higher percentile score on the SAT Spanish Subject Test than you will with any other Subject Test, then you should take it. Otherwise, it's better to send colleges an excellent score in another area than to send them a mediocre Spanish SAT II score. Case 2: You’re Not Taking Spanish but Want to Show Fluency If you’re not taking AP or IB Spanish B and want to show you have a high level of fluency and ability in Spanish, then it makes sense to take the SAT Spanish Subject Test. Students who might fall into this category include native Spanish speakers or students who’ve taken a lot of Spanish outside of their high school and want to demonstrate their abilities. In fact, if you have a lot of experience and familiarity with spoken Spanish, the College Board particularly recommends taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test to showcase your listening skills. Case 3: You Want to Place Into the Correct Level of Spanish Colleges often use standardized test scores to place you in the right level foreign language classes. If you’re not planning on taking the Spanish AP or IB test, then taking the SAT Subject Test in Spanish is a good substitute. Most colleges also have some kind of free placement exam, so if you don’t want to spend the time and money on a SAT Subject Test, you don’t have to. One bonus of taking the SAT Spanish Subject Test, though, is that all the questions are multiple choice- you won’t have to write any essays or even do any free-response questions. If you’re only taking the test to place into the correct level of Spanish and will be submitting other, likely higher, SAT II scores with your college applications, you should wait until you’re as far along in your Spanish classes as possible to take the Spanish SAT. You’ll need to double check with the colleges you’re applying to, but as a rule, if you’re only taking SAT II Spanish to place into the right level Spanish class, you should hold off on taking it until May or June of senior year. Return to the table of contents. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Choosing the Right SAT Subject Test: Spanish or Spanish With Listening? We briefly went over the big difference between the two tests when discussing their formats, but that might not be enough information for you to decide which test to take. The difference between the two tests boils down to how comfortable you are with understanding spoken Spanish. On the informational page about the Spanish with Listening Subject Test, College Board states that â€Å"many colleges indicate the Spanish with Listening test gives them a fuller picture of your ability and may be more useful for placement purposes.† So if you can excel on Spanish with Listening, you should absolutely take that over the regular Spanish Subject Test (kind of like how you should take the Math 2C Subject Test over Math 1C). But if you’re not confident your Spanish listening comprehension skills are at a high enough level or are worried that anxiety about the listening section will negatively affect your score, you should take the regular SAT Spanish Subject Test. 40% of the questions on the Spanish with Listening Subject Test involve listening to spoken Spanish and answering questions on it. The three tasks you’ll be asked to perform are: Explaining a picture ("Pictures"). You’ll have to identify either what’s presented in a photograph or the most likely thing someone in the photograph would say. Continuing a conversation ("Rejoinders"). You’ll have to choose the answer that would be the best next line in a short conversation. Demonstrating listening comprehension ("Selections"). You’ll need to answer questions that demonstrate you’ve understood what was said in a longer spoken selection. Keep in mind that both exams test you on your knowledge of vocabulary and structure, paragraph completions, and reading comprehension. It’s just that answering questions based on written material makes up 100% of the SAT Spanish Subject Test, but only about 60% of the SAT Spanish with Listening Subject Test. For Rejoinders questions, if one person in the recording asks  ¿Dà ³nde est el baà ±o?, you'll need to choose an answer that makes sense in context. Return to the table of contents. What Does the Test Cover? The SAT Spanish Subject Test is designed to cover skills and topics that are taught in most high school Spanish classes. Specifically, the following three areas are heavily emphasized: Vocabulary (in the context of a sentence as well as throughout the test) Parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.) Idiomatic expressions The test itself is divided up into three sections, each with roughly equal numbers of questions. Part A: Vocabulary and Structure Part B: Paragraph Completion Part C: Reading Comprehension In the next three sections of this guide, I’ll go over what’s on each of the three parts of the test. All sample questions come from the SAT Subject Test Student Guide 2016-2017. Return to the table of contents. Part A: Vocabulary and Structure The first part of the SAT Spanish Subject Test is the Vocabulary and Structure section (33% of the test). This section is made up of fill-in-the-blank questions which test your knowledge of both what word or phrase is correct grammatically and what makes sense in the context of the sentence. Here’s an example of a vocabulary and structure question you might see on the SAT II Spanish Test: Directions: This part consists of a number of incomplete statements, each having four suggested completions. Select the most appropriate completion and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. Si en el Brasil, hablarà ­amos portuguà ©s y no espaà ±ol. (A) vivamos(B) vivimos(C) vivà ­amos(D) vivià ©ramos Answer: D Return to thetable of contents. Part B: Paragraph Completion The next section on the Spanish SAT Subject Test is the Paragraph Completion section (33%). This section is very similar to the vocabulary and structure section, but instead of testing grammar and usage with isolated sentences, you’ll be given longer paragraphs and asked to complete them with the appropriate vocabulary or phrase choice. Here’s a sample paragraph and a paragraph completion question about it: Directions: In each of the following paragraphs, there are numbered blanks indicating that words or phrases have been omitted. For each numbered blank, four completions are provided. First, read through the entire paragraph. Then, for each numbered blank, choose the completion that is most appropriate given the context of the entire paragraph and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. La mquina ms infernal de hacer dinero se llama â€Å"Pedroso,† un osito electrà ³nico que (4) ha derramado sobre sus fabricantes beneficios superiores a los 100 millones de dà ³lares en el (5) aà ±o. La (6) de Pedroso es que habla. Claro, no hay ningà ºn misterio en la cinta sin fin y el grabador (7) en el interior del osito. Pero lo (8) novedoso es que (9) hablar su boca se mueve en sincronà ­a con las palabras y sus ojos pestaà ±ean. El juguete (10) vende a precios que oscilan entre 60 y 80 dà ³lares. (4): (A) todavà ­a(B) nunca(C) ya(D) tampoco Answer: C Return to the table of contents. Part C: Reading Comprehension The last third of the SAT Spanish Subject Test is Part C, the Reading Comprehension section. The questions in this section are based on short selections from: prose fiction historical works newspaper and magazine articles advertisements, flyers, and letters You'll be tested on your understanding of the passage or image with questions that ask you about: main and supporting ideas themes style tone spatial and temporal settings of the selection (where and when do the events described in the passage take place?) Below, you can try out a sample Reading Comprehension question based on an advertisement. Directions: Read the following texts carefully for comprehension. Each text is followed by a number of questions or incomplete statements. Select the answer or completion that is best according to the text and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet.  ¿Quà © caracterà ­stica se destaca ms de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a anunciada? (A) Su precio(B) Su cortesà ­a(C) Su rapidez(D) Su amplitud Answer: D Return to the table of contents. SAT Spanish With Listening Question Styles If you choose to take the SAT Spanish with Listening Subject Test, you’ll encounter three additional types of questions, all listening-based. For Pictures questions, you’ll be shown a printed picture in your test booklet and asked to listen to four sentences. The recording will specify whether the sentences are meant to illustrate what you see in the picture or be an example of what someone in the picture might say. The full sentences you listen to for the Pictures questions are not written out in your test booklet, just the answer choices (A), (B), (C), or (D). For an example of a Pictures question, try the first or second question in this set of official practice questions. The next type of Listening question is called "Rejoinders." You’ll hear either several short conversations or parts of conversations and then be asked to listen to four possible choices for how the conversation could continue. Again, only (A), (B), (C), or (D) will be in your test booklet, not the full text of the choices. To see an example of a Rejoinders question, try question #3, 4, or 5 in this set of official practice questions. The last type of Listening question, Selections, asks you to demonstrate you’ve listened to and understood a longer listening selection (around 10-25 seconds). For an example of this type of question, try any of the last four questions in this set of official practice questions. Return to the table of contents. Where to Find SAT Spanish Practice Tests The best source of realistic SAT Spanish Subject Test practice materials is the College Board, the maker of the test. If you want to practice with a full-length official SAT Spanish practice test, you’ll have to buy The Official Guide for ALL SAT Subject Tests, 2nd Edition, which costs around $18 and includes an audio CD for the Spanish with Listening practice test. Both of the SAT Subject Tests in Spanish ask you questions based on what you read, so you can use the reading section of the practice test you’re not taking for extra practice questions. If you’re taking the†¦ Take the†¦ Get extra practice questions from the†¦ Spanish Subject Test Spanish Subject Test practice test Spanish with Listening Subject Test practice test Spanish with Listening Subject Test Spanish with Listening Subject Test practice test Spanish Subject Test practice test The best free resource for official SAT Spanish practice is the College Board website, which allows you to answer 33 practice questions online and view your results (with answer explanations). Here's a breakdown of how many types of each question the College Board website has for the SAT Spanish Subject Test: Section Type Number of Questions Vocabulary and Structure 5 Paragraph Completion 15 (across two different paragraphs) Reading Comprehension 13 (across three different passages/ads) If you’re taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test, you can also try out nine official online listening practice questions for free. If your browser supports Adobe Flash Player, you can actually listen to the questions, rather than just reading the written-out script, which is great practice! Here's a breakdown of the number of Spanish with Listening questions College Board has up online (spoiler alert: there are only nine questions total): Section Type Number of Questions Pictures 2 Rejoinders 3 Selections 4 Other Practice Resources The free SAT Subject Tests Student Guide PDF is useful if you want to print out the questions and take them on paper for more realistic practice, but it only includes some (not all) of the free online practice questions linked to in the previous section. If you want more practice tests, you can supplement your studying with non-official practice materials. The best of these seems to be Barron’s SAT Subject Test: Spanish, which includes ten full-length practice tests as well as review materials for specific topics. Return to Table of Contents 4 SAT Spanish Study Tips Now that you're fully equipped with information about what the test covers, what the question formats are, and what practice materials are out there, it's time to jump into studying. We've come up with four fundamental tips to help you as you prep for the SAT Spanish Subject Test. #1: Listen and Watch Spanish-Language Media A great way to get comfortable with colloquial Spanish is to listen to Spanish-language music and watch telenovelas or other Spanish-language media. This is one time where watching TV is a valid studying technique! Get on your online streaming service of choice and search for Spanish-language music and film/TV. Make sure to turn off English subtitles if you’re watching something in Spanish, or that will defeat the purpose. If you're looking for specific movie suggestions, Spanish teacher Carla Staffaroni suggests watching Diarios de motocicleta, La misma luna, Valentà ­n, and La historia oficial. #2: Memorize Irregular Verbs One thing the SAT Language Subject Tests love to test you on is irregular verbs, particularly ones that are commonly used. Study them and learn them well so you’re not unpleasantly surprised on test day. Here's a list of the top 25 most common irregular verbs: Spanish verb English meaning ser to be haber to have estar to be tener to have hacer to do, to make poder can, to be able decir to say, to tell ir to go ver to see dar to give saber to know querer to want, to love llegar to arrive, to reach, to come (to) poner to put, to place, to set parecer to seem creer to believe seguir to follow, to continue encontrar to find, to encounter venir to come pensar to think salir to leave, to go out volver to return, to go back conocer to know (people or places) sentir to feel, to regret contar to count, to tell We have an article specifically about ser for every tense, as a good starting place. For more irregular verbs, search online for "common irregular Spanish verbs." #3: Memorize the Question Formats Just knowing Spanish won’t be enough to ace this test if you are caught off guard by the ways you’re tested on your knowledge. Familiarize yourself ahead of time with the different question formats that will be on the test to avoid getting surprised on test day. To recap, those formats for the regular SAT Spanish Subject Test are: fill-in-the-blank vocab questions, paragraph completion questions, and reading comprehension questions. In addition to those three question formats, the Spanish with Listening test also has Picture, Rejoinder, and Selection questions. #4: Take Realistic Practice Tests Even if you’re completely fluent in Spanish, you should take at least one realistic practice test to familiarize yourself with the layout of the test. To get the most realistic practice-test experience, you’ll need to make sure you take the test in one sitting, stick to the 60-minute time limit, and don’t re-listen to audio recordings you’ll only get a chance to hear once on the real test. If you take a realistic practice test and ace it, then congratulations! You don’t need to spend extra time studying. If you take it and don’t do as well as you expected, that’s still helpful, because the questions you got wrong will tell you where you need to focus your studying. Part of making sure your practice test is realistic if you’re taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test is using an approved CD player, preferably the one you’ll be using on test day. Yes, it’s easier to just pop the CD into your computer’s disc drive, but that won’t give you the most realistic testing experience. Make sure you have and practice with a CD player that: has headphones is handheld (no boomboxes or computers) is battery operated (no power cords permitted) can’t record or duplicate Return to the table of contents. You also cannot take a realistic practice test using your car's CD player. Test-Day Tips All of the usual test-taking tips apply to the Spanish Subject Test: get lots of sleep, bring a snack, get there early, and so forth. However, we’ve also compiled four tips below that are particularly helpful for taking the Spanish SAT II. #1: Only Guess Between Two Answers As with all SAT Subject Tests with questions with four answer choices, the Spanish and Spanish with Listening tests take off a third of a point for every wrong answer. Unless you can narrow your choices down to two possible correct answers, it’s too much of a risk to guess. You’re better off skipping the question, which leads right into the next test-day tip. #2: Skip Hard Questions Save time by skipping over harder questions and coming back to them later. Each question is worth the same amount of points, and there’s no rule that says you have to go through the test in order. It's much better to skip and come back to a difficult question than it is to burn five of your precious test-taking minutes staring it down. Unfortunately, if you want to get a good score on the SAT Spanish Subject Test, you're going to have to answer almost every question correctly. But it's better for your score to answer 81/85 questions correctly and leave four blank than it is to answer 85/85 and get four questions wrong. The next two tips are for the Spanish with Listening Subject Test only. #3: Don’t Forget Your CD Player! There is nothing worse than getting to a testing center and realizing you’ve forgotten some essential test-taking tool, whether it's your lucky number two pencil or your graphing calculator for SAT Math. All this is to say that if you're taking the SAT Spanish with Listening Subject Test, make sure you bring your College Board-approved CD player with you to the test. You might want to pack it (along with headphones and extra working batteries) the night before, just to be safe. Before test day, you’ll also want to check to make sure the CD player is working well and put in fresh batteries (no need to be changing your batteries out during the test). Similarly, make sure that the backup batteries you bring with you are functional. College Board even suggests bringing a backup CD player if possible, although that seems a little over the top. Still, you should do whatever will make you feel the most confident that you won’t encounter technical difficulties during the test. #4: Stay Calm During Listening Because it requires not just reading, but listening, some students can get very anxious about the listening section of the test, particularly since it’s the first 20 minutes of the test. You can do things ahead of time that will lessen this anxiety, like making sure you practice with the same CD player you’ll be using on the test so you can get familiar with it in the test-taking environment. We also have some great tips on decreasing test-taking anxiety in general here. Ultimately, though, even if you finish the listening section and feel like you’ve completely failed it, try not to let it faze you too much. You need to put your game face on and concentrate on hitting the next 55-ish written questions out of the park! Postpone your self-doubt and worrying for 40 minutes until you put down the pencil at the end of the test. Return to the table of contents. En Conclusià ³n The SAT Spanish Subject Test is 85 multiple choice questions taken over the course of 60 minutes. If you’re fluent in Spanish or know that your strongest SAT Subject Test Score will be in Spanish, you should take the SAT Spanish Subject Test. Consider taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test if you have a good understanding of spoken Spanish, as it will give colleges a better idea of your Spanish abilities. Use the College Board website for free practice questions, or buy The Official Guide for ALL SAT Subject Tests, 2nd Edition for a complete official practice test. Try the Barron’s SAT Spanish Subject Test book for more non-official practice tests. You can also prepare for the SAT Spanish Subject Test by listening to Spanish-language music, watching Spanish-language TV and films, and memorizing common irregular verbs. On test day, remember to skip hard questions and come back to them later and only guessing if you can narrow it down to two choices. If you’re taking Spanish with Listening, don’t forget your CD player and try not to sweat the listening section after you’ve finished it.  ¡Feliz estudios! What’s Next? Want more in-depth information about the difficulty of the test before you make any decisions? Read our analysis of how hard the SAT Spanish Subject Test is here. Still trying to decide if it makes sense to take the SAT Spanish Subject Test? Take a look at our discussion of which SAT Subject Tests you should take. Not sure if you need to take an SAT Subject Test for the colleges you're applying to? Use our complete list of colleges that require SAT subject tests to figure out the answer! Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Exploration of a business or management related topic relevant to your Assignment - 1

Exploration of a business or management related topic relevant to your organisation of choice - Assignment Example The current paper examines the strategic policies of Next in terms of maintaining their competitiveness and superiority in the marker. Through evaluation of their strategies it becomes possible to understand how such success and competitiveness has been achieved by Next. Freeman, R. E., 2010.  Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 1, 2, 4, 5. The book is easily accessible and providers detailed information regarding successful strategic management. Next plc, 2015. About next. [online] Available at: [Accessed 30 may 2015]. The website is likely to provide detailed information regarding the strategies and competitive advantages existing at Next. N.B. There is no word count for this but try and provide sufficient detail to demonstrate the areas of investigation and the depth of research you intend to complete. The Project Plan Grading Criteria provides more guidance on expected depth &