We Must Protected Our Society From Repeated Offenders

People who keep committing crimes over, over and over again about to start facing serious jail time, the book discuss that we must protected our society from repeated offenders. Therefore kids who committing murders are about be charged as adults. The reason for that because kids know right from wrong, why give them a leeway just because they are kids. If you don’t punish kids for what they did first time they going keep doing it until they are punish. It’s not about protecting the offender but protecting the victims that’s been hurt by offenders (pg.322). However we offered many programs so that offender can stay out of trouble and not repeat the same crimes over. The book talks about the diversion and transitional programs that can be helpful to juvenile’s, so they can stay out of trouble. Diversion program allows the teen speak with social worker and probation officer. While the transitional program help them earn jobs in community and earn high school diploma or some trade while in detention center. These programs are just not offered to juveniles they are many programs for people while in prison or federal prison that they can attend. Frustration – aggression theory best describes this case study. The reason I choose frustration aggression because Shawn was having problems sleeping at night and problems with his parents due to him smoking and drinking. The frustration lead Shawn go into his parents’ bedroom and stabbed his father in arm,Show MoreRelatedEssay Parole Should Be Abolished1714 Words   |  7 PagesNew York. It’s process provides for early conditional release from prison for convicted felons, after part of their prison sentence has been served, and they are found to be eligible for parole based on factors such as: conduct while incarcerated, rehabilitative efforts/progress, type of offense, and remorse for their crime. Its use has been expanded to many states, and today has become the primary w ay by which offenders are released from prisons and correctional institutions. Unfortunately, paroleRead MoreThe Decision For Transfer A Youth3437 Words   |  14 Pages The decision to transfer a youth to criminal court is a very sensitive subject to every individual who care about the young ones in society, because it pertains to our youths who are considered to be â€Å"the future.† Many will ask under what circumstances transfer should be allowed. 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Our case study can be related to the latter aspect as we are focussing on the way the NHS processesRead MoreThe Decision For Transfer A Youth3815 Words   |  16 Pagestransfer to criminal court is a very sensitive subject to every individual who care about the young ones in society, because it pertains to our youths who are considered to be â€Å"the future.† Many will ask if it is right for us to allow juveniles to be transferred to adult criminal court, and if so under what circumstances. Some believe that the best course of action regarding juvenile offenders is not transferring them to criminal court but rehabilitation – these individuals view punishment as a failedRead MoreThe Biblical Perspectives of Crime4108 Words   |  16 PagesPerspectives Crime and violence is rampant throughout the world. Laws exist to maintain order and peace and provide for the safety and well-being of all members of society. Acts that disrupt and threaten this system of order are deemed criminal in nature and are punishable by law. It is believed that criminal types operate from a self-centered framework that shows little, if any regard, for the safety and well-being of others (Merton, 2006). Christianity teaches us that crime is also causedRead MoreProtection from Harm Abuse - Essay Case Study2840 Words   |  12 Pagesof abuse using both sociological and psychological perspectives to contribute to our understanding of the causes of abuse. I will define the types, indicators, signs and symptoms of abuse and its impact on families and individuals, identifying factors relevant to the case study, recognising and explaining current legislation making reference to Government reports/inquiries and research into failures to protect from harm and abuse. I will consider the policies and procedures that my work placeRead MoreJuvenile Crime Issues in Today’s Criminal Justice System18893 Words   |  76 Pagesthreatened by technological advances and other developments:  ©  ©  ©  © chapter 15 Juvenile Justice chapter 16 Drugs and Crime chapter 17 Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice chapter 18 The Future of Criminal Justice These individual rights must be effectively balanced against these present and emerging community concerns: Widespread drug abuse among youth The threat of juvenile crime Urban gang violence High-technology, computer, and Internet crime (cybercrime) Terrorism and narcoterrorismRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children3821 Words   |  16 Pagesmistreat these precious lives. Imagine for a moment what it’s like to be in a situation where the persons you trust to care for and guide over you, are the ones that place these victims in this complex problems in which they are not able to resist from taking its course. â€Å"According to RAINN child abuse organization child abuse is a when a perpetrator intentionally harms a minor physically, psychologically, sexually, or by acts of neglect committing such a crime that may have long lasting effectsRead MoreDomestic Violence And Violence Against Women2254 Words   |  10 Pages dating or cohabitation† (Aziz Mahmoud, 2010). There are many forms of abuse from verbal and emotional to physical that often escalates over time in intensity for the victim. Data from the criminal justice system, hospital patient medical records and mental health records, police reports, surveys and social services reports of thousands of women revealed that many are injured and killed as a result of violence from someone close to them. â€Å"The US Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) defines domesticRead MoreAnimal As We Love Ourselves3256 Words   |  14 PagesLove Animal As We Love Ourselves Do animals have feelings too? Yes, of course animals have feelings just like humans do. This means that if humans are not abused or neglected, then animals should not be abused or neglected too. Imagine someone walking into a house to be greeted by a dog or cat with bruises, scratches, hungry, and in pain. These animals have been abused or neglected until they die from suffering. Animals are beaten and starved everyday and millions of helpless animals

Patriotism in Malaysia - 1747 Words

The Malaysian Bar Patriotism cannot be forced onto a Malaysian Contributed by Charles Hector The compulsory national service training programme is intended to foster the spirit of patriotism, encourage racial integration, and develop positive and noble traits among the younger generation (Malaysiakini 13/6/2003). The targeted group is our youth of about 18 years. The object of this programme was expressed by Defence Minister Najib Tun Razak, who chairs the special cabinet committee. The programme will focus on basic military training, patriotic training and personal development including community service. (Malaysiakini 17/6/2003) In the military, one is trained to follow orders of superiors without question. Would this be one of†¦show more content†¦Suppression of patriots kills patriotism. The announcement by the Minister of the removal of the controversial clause in the National Service Bill which makes it an offence to incite others from not participating in the programme was retracted due to complaints from the public (Malaysiakini 25/6/2003) must be applauded as a success for the cause for freedom of expression and as an example of a good leadership trait, ie of a leader that listens to voices of the Malaysian people. In tabling the Bill, the Minister was reported to have said that it is the responsibility of the people to ensure that multiracial Malaysia continues to be stable and strong to achieve development in view of various new attacks such as globalisation and liberalisation. Therefore, we cannot let the polarisation and alienated relation among races to continue. (Malaysiakini 25/6/2003). The national service training council is to have persons representing the major races. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multi-religious nation. In Peninsular Malaysia, as an example, the major ethnic group cannot simply be said to be Malays, Chinese and Indians. Take Indians for example: they are in reality comprised of many ethnic groups like the Tamils, Telugus, Gujeratis, Punjabis, Malayalees and Goanese. Then there are also the Sri Lankan Tamils (Ceylonese)Show MoreRelatedWhat is Nationalism?796 Words   |  3 PagesI agree that the main reason for formatting nation-states is nationalism. Nationalism can be defined as a combination of patriotism with sensation of nation, it includes patriotism and nation concepts (Hayes 1960: 2). Kohn (1955) defines nationalism as a state of mind, each person will be piety to their state highly because of their nation-state (Berberoglu 2004: 6). Nation-state could be defined as a group of people who have the awareness to community which share a common culture, past memory andRead MoreResearch and Study on the National Service Training Program in Malaysa1009 Words   |  5 Pages CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY The National Service Training Program in Malaysia started in 2004 after the Malaysian Parliament agreed on the execution of the program. The objectives of the program are to increase the patriotism spirit among the younger generation, to instill racial harmony and national integrity, to from positive character through moral value, to develop volunteerism, and to create younger generation who are active physically, mentally and filled with selfRead MoreRukun Negara1624 Words   |  7 PagesThis idea was made after the bloody tragedy of May 13 1969 where a racial clash had eroded among some races in Malaysia. 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The results of this study indicate eight main themes of mental toughness profile from the respondent which include 1) motivation 2) negative energy control 3) self-confident 4) positive energy control 5) imagery 6) patriotism 7) religiosity 8) Focus. These findings further support that the first component identified is motivation. Motivation component contribute 21.9 %, the highest mental toughness main theme among recent Malaysian football players. Intrinsic motivationRead MoreThe Main Causes of World War 1 Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagescountry that actually caused the Great War. In 1891, Germany formed an influential group with two different programs for the development of patriotism. The influential group named Pan-German League made propaganda in industrial and government circles and also managed other organizations among Germans abroad. The only purpose of these programs was to develop patriotism of their nation. (Stewart, Fitzgerald, Pickard 62) By inculcating nationalism in people’s heart, the German government convinced them toRead MoreCivic and Citizenship Education in Malaysia2711 Words   |  11 PagesCIVIC AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA SCHOOLS ABSTRACT â€Å"Member States should promote, at every stage of education, an active civic training which will enable every person to gain a knowledge of the method of operation and the work of public institutions, whether local, national or international; and to participate in the cultural life of the community and in public affairs. Wherever possible, this participation should increasingly link education and action to solve problems at the local

American Participation in NATO Free Essays

North Atlantic Alliance Organization was founded in 1949 by 12 countries: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the UK, and the USA. Greece and Turkey joined NATO in 1952, Germany (German Federative Republic) in 1955 and Spain in 1982. The agreement that was signed between the members of NATO in Washington, April, 4 1949 assumed mutual assistance and collective security, primary against the threat of the Soviet Union. We will write a custom essay sample on American Participation in NATO or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was the first union of after war period in the history, made by the USA and which assumed the union of capitalist countries. The main reason for NATO creation were very aggressive relations between the USA and the USSR, especially after Warsaw Pact, or a pact that united all communistic regimes in Eastern Europe with the head of the USSR. The results of Warsaw pact were the following: besides mutual assistance in the sphere of economics, science and education the countries participants agreed the USSR to place its troops on their territories. Romania, Poland, DDR (eastern Germany), Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia agreed to dislocate Soviet troops on their territories. As the result a Soviet threat was created to the countries of Western Europe who were rather weak and could not have anything similar to individual defense after the WW2. In March 1948 five European countries signed Brussels treaty, which was the basis for NATO foundation a year later. The main principle of NATO is its fifth article, which says that all participants agree that military attack against one of the them is considered to be the attack against all of the countries participants. NATO’s principles were developed in the USA in accordance to the 51st article of UN’s rules that assumed the right to create organizations for collective security. This right also makes the nations to participate in economical, political and social integration and mutual assistance. NATO’ as military forces were formed in 1950 as a feedback to the events in Korea that turned into war in June 1950. Korean war or the aggression of North Korea was considered to be a part communist intervention in the east. The war ended in 1953 on the border of North Korea with South Korea on the 47th parallel the place where it had started 3 years before. The main body that directs NATO’s policy is the NATO’s council, which is situated in Brussels (before 1967 all the meetings were held in Paris). Every country-participant of NATO provides a representative f an embassy level, and the meetings are held at least once a week. NATO played an important role in the solution of different conflicts that took place in the world starting from war in Korea and ending military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan. If during the years of the cold war the biggest attention was turned to resistance to the USSR military system based in Eastern Europe, than in the years of after cold war period it’s mostly directed on the preserving peace and stability in the world. Probably the coldest relations between the USA and USSR started during Kennedy’s office as disagreements with Soviets led to the missile crisis in Cuba. That was a turning point in the relations between two countries that resulted into two decades of real â€Å"Cold War†. Scared by the dislocation of military bases in Turkey and Greece Soviet ministry of defense on the head with country’s leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to locate Soviet missiles on the island of Cuba, where new revolutionary government was loyal to communistic ideology and was financed by the Soviets. Fortunately missile crisis was solved, but it put the seeds of more distrust and mutual fear both in NATO countries and countries of Warsaw Pact. How to cite American Participation in NATO, Papers

Legal Aspects of Oil Management

Question: Examine and evaluate the key areas and features that governments should focus on during their negotiation process and in the drafting of contracts with the International Oil Companies. Answer: Introduction Resource rich nations intend to use their natural resources for the purpose of securing funds for their development process. In doing so, the governments enter into contracts with international oil companies to explore, develop their resources. The oil companies as well as the government put a lot of efforts in order to understand the commercial and technical aspects of oil exploration. The very first challenge which the governments face is the negotiation process. Countries like Kazakhstan, Bolivia, Mexico and various other developing countries consider their oil and natural gas resources as assets belonging to the country as a whole and not to any private individual or entity. No matter whosoever owns the surface land and associated rights, the oil and gas resources are owned by the government and this very fact is enshrined in the laws of the nations. Nations which are rich in oil and natural gas resources try to magnetize the participation of the oil companies which possesses ade quate expertise and resources so as to exploit and properly market their resources. But while negotiating they face several problems as these companies are far more experienced in negotiating these type of contracts and also their knowledge about oil exploration is much high. In the process of negotiation the oil companies appear to be extremely motivated. They make every possible effort to reduce costs. The oil companies tend to tailor their process of negotiation depending on the political situation in the impugned country. The attitude of the oil companies in the negotiation process is generally found to be inflexible, aggressive and cynical. As far as the governments are concerned, negotiating contracts in the proper manner is essential. Three options are available to the governments for development of their natural resources. These include; creation of state companies for exploration, production and development. For instance countries like, Mexico, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela have done so; inviting foreign companies to explore their resources and in the process develop them, as in the case of Russia, Canada, United Kingdom. They may as well use a combination of these two ways. Countries like Kazakhstan, Nigeria and Indonesia have done so. Setting the Parameters Governments do not pay adequate attention to the negotiation process in spite of the intense interest and size of the stake holders. As far as the producing nation is concerned, a lot is at stake with these types of contracts. Governments generally engage experts to handle the complex issues in these types of contracts; like, lawyers for their knowledge of the legal field, engineers for their technical knowledge etc (Langford, 2014). Oil contracts emerge out of direct negotiations. There are various complex issues involved in an oil contract. Negotiations generally flourish on indecision. Such indecision is the result of lack of awareness of the probable oil find, the alienation of the negotiating partner or the incapability to make future predictions. Good negotiators are well aware that whatever the situation might be there is always a weak point, if made proper use of the said weak moment there is a high probability to win. While negotiating oil contracts various issues must be considered. These include; the dynamic nature of market, the exploration costs, the probable size of the fields etc. This is a never ending list. Expertise and judgmental power is needed to determine the priority of each and every issue and then to be able to strike a balance so that none of the contracts are identical to each other. Issues involved in the Negotiation Process The issues which arise during negotiation process may be put under two heads; one is the conflict zone and the other includes the factors which are not generally paid heed to during negotiation process. These factors are the environmental, social, political and economic. The company spends almost 90-90% time in this zone. This is the zone where the company feels in control and recruits skilled personnel (Radon, 2012). Dealing with the indigenous communities Apart from the two principal contracting parties, i.e., the oil companies and the governments, the oil negotiations are of great significance to various other groups or individuals. These groups include, owners of the surface land, many a time indigenous communities as they nowadays they have started demanding compensation for the disturbance and use of their property. Though such groups are not formally part of the said negotiation process yet their demands have to be taken into consideration while negotiating. The demands of the local communities have to be settled through these negotiation processes. They generally ask for either compensation or jobs offers. The oil companies usually make commitments to engage local labor and also to render support in development of the local communities (Likosky, 2009). These negotiations are invariably time consuming at the same time intense. These negotiations are many a time heated as well. Factor of Time The negotiations of oil contracts are to a great extent dependent on time responsive factors like present condition of the market in connection with the price of oil, the prevailing political and economic situation in the host country as well as on the probability as to how such factors would vary in future. Thus an oil contract must include such terms which would be able to survive the challenge of time by way of anticipation of foreseeable as well as unforeseeable demands and changes. For instance, Norway, which was known for its instability had to introduce tax regimes favorable to the oil companies so as to allure the oil companies to come and invest in the uncertain and geographically challenging terrains. But Norway did not endanger its future by making these tax regimes permanent and increased the taxes within three years. There is one simple solution to deal with the problem of insufficient arrangement in the ever changing situations; to ensure that the contracts are more rea ctive to the changing circumstances. With time domestic conditions prevailing in a country also tend to change (HM Government, 2013). The stability clause has to be drafted in such manner that the oil company may be compensated for the changes which take place in the laws, rules and regulations of a country. For instance, a country is made to comply with a new environmental policy the cost of oil exploration and development would increase consequently. The oil companies in such cases would have to be exempted from the compliance of such law and if in case such exemption is not possible, the government would have to reimburse the oil companies for the cost of compliance. The stability clauses are used by the oil companies to exclude the application of the laws of the host country. Even the jurisdiction of the courts of the host country is not applicable to these clauses. Expert Negotiators In order to select the personnel who would represent the negotiating team the government faces various problems. Negotiation is no less than an art which requires giving effect to a plan, good tactics as well as the ability to segregate negotiable factors like compensation from non negotiable factors like matters concerning regulation, considering and addressing the concerns of the oil companies. It is evident that the oil companies are under any circumstance in a better position as regards skill, finance and preparedness while negotiating with the governments. On the other hand, the resource rich developing nations do not possess adequate technical, financial or legal knowhow. The nations must treat the negotiations as an investment and attempt to hire independent, skilled as well as dedicated negotiators so as to be on the same footing as the oil companies in the negotiation process. But the oil rich developing countries often overlook the importance of engaging expert negotiators for the negotiation process. Oil contracts invariably require expert advice as they cover a wide range of complicated factors. The aim of the oil contracts should be to reach mutually agreeable and reasonable balance between the interests of the investor company as also the nation concerned. It may be stated that expert advice is the mantra for being able to make successful negotiations. Conflict of Interest In negotiating these types of contracts the government often faces conflict of interest. On one hand the government is expected to act as the protector of public interest by using its regulatory powers. The government is also required to create an investment friendly environment so as to magnetize investors which in turn would create employment and render economic growth (Haley, 2004). On the other hand being the signatory to a commercial oil contract the government acts as a business personnel with the intention of profit maximization. Thus the government on the one hand intends to maximize profits from oil negotiations and at the same time it has to find objects for its own regulations. This type of problem though may be manageable in a developed nation it might not be so in the case of developing nations. Transparency It is expected of the negotiators to maintain transparency in the process of negotiation. Transparency is in fact deemed to be the key aspect to increase public acceptability of contracts. Transparency in this context includes, disclosing the contractual terms as well as the consideration paid there under though certain matter must remain confidential for a specific duration of time. Transparency also serves as a way for doing away with corruptions associated with these contracts. It is transparency which prevents government officials to incorporate or accept to such terms in the oil contracts which might face criticism from the citizens (Brinsmead, n.d.). Form of Contract The form or the type of contract is a critical decision for the government. There are four types of contract which the government and the international oil companies may elect to adopt while making the agreement. These have been discussed as follows; Joint Ventures A joint venture comes into existence when two or more parties intend to enter into a joint venture undertaking. It is essential for the ones who are parties to a joint venture to understand the ways by which each conduct their business, their goals as well as interests. In the absence of such understanding it is almost impossible to come up with a joint venture agreement. Since joint ventures are open ended contracts, oil companies as well as the government of the host countries are less likely to enter into a joint venture agreement. Advantages for the government: In case a government of a host country enters into a joint venture agreement the only advantage it can avail of is that it does not have to make decisions all by itself and it has the liberty to count on the expertise of oil companies. In fact under this type of contract the government shares profits along with the oil company. Disadvantage: There is a flip side to this sharing process. Along with profits, costs and risks must also be shared. Thus under this type of contract the government of the host country happens to participate directly in the process of oil extraction. Production-Sharing Agreements (Also Referred To As PSA) The major characteristic of PSA is that under these type of agreements the oil ownership rests with the citizens of the host country and not with private entities. But the management and operation of the oil fields along with the associated risks rests with the oil companies. The terms regarding finances in a PSA are almost similar to that of a licensing agreement. The government of the host country is entitled to earn a signing bonus but such bonus is generally waived so as to earn profits in future. Under this type of agreement the government of the host country must reimburse the oil company as operating expenses. Recovery of costs for the current expenditure is immediate whereas the recovery of costs for capital investment is done over a period of many years. The oil companies usually have to bear taxes which fall under its share but the governments of the host countries often waive such taxes and are included in the governments share of profits. The success of a PSA would depend upon the accuracy of the legal framework of the host country. Advantages for host government: All risks under this type of agreement rests with the oil companies. Apart from the cost of negotiation the host government would not have to risk any other losses. Even if an oil exploration project fails the government of the host country does not have to bear losses. These type of contracts enable the government of the host country to earn profits without having to make investments unless it does so with its own accord. Disadvantages for host government: The very nature of the PSA is that it is an inclusive document and this very nature serves as a disadvantage for the host government. License or Concession Agreements These agreements have been introduced in the early 1900s. These are primarily one sided contracts. In the present times such contracts serve to grant the oil companies exclusive rights for exploration, development, sale as well as export of minerals and oil for a specified time period. The oil companies offer the host countries signing bonus for acquiring such rights. These contracts are often opted forms of contracts. Advantages: From the view point of a developing country the advantages of this type of contracts are considerable. These type of contracts are far more straightforward as compared to other forms of contracts. The extent of export support and advise required for entering into this type of contracts are also comparatively less. Disadvantages: The prime disadvantage of this type of contract from the viewpoint of a developing country is its commercial aspect. The bidding process is generally similar to an auction. The oil companies have to take risks regarding the price for the license. Service Agreements Over and above the above type of contractual arrangements service agreements may as well be entered into. The essence of this type of agreement is that it provides disbursement for particular services and tasks. This type of agreement would not be very useful for the long run. Terms of Contract Certain provisions common to all the above types of agreements have been discussed as under; Parties When one of the parties is the government, the choice of parties must be made carefully. In case the host government becomes a direct party it has to bear unlimited liability as well as direct responsibility. But the said liability may be restricted if one of the government enterprises is made a party. Work Program The oil companies tend to slow down the projects which it considers to be comparatively expensive. Thus the host government must insist on such a work plan which unambiguously lays down the circumstances under which a project may be delayed or shelved. Stabilization Stabilization provisions, if incorporated, proved to be highly disadvantageous for the oil companies as it makes the legal system of the country ineffective and the government may have to pay compensation to the investors. Termination The contract must unambiguously specify the circumstances under which the contract would be terminated. Conclusion At present the oil producing nations must invariably possess the professional know-how for negotiating oil contracts with the international oil companies. The negotiation process must at the same time be open. The companies have to make the oil companies feel secure as to the fact that they would be treated fairly. A sense of fair return and fair treatment would I the long run prove to be beneficial for the international oil companies in this competitive market.

Solo Experience free essay sample

Over 50 miles from the nearest gas station and a five-day paddle from any sort of infrastructure, I stepped out of the canoe, waved good-bye to my fellow leaders in training and entered the unknown. Armed with my pocket knife, a tarp, 20 feet of rope, a fishing rod, a Bible, a journal, my sleeping bag, clothes, water, an apple and two granola bars, I suddenly realized that for the next 48 hours, these would be my only companions. As I stood on the shoreline, staring into the decomposing forest of Northern Quebec, with the sun setting on my back, I was frozen and irritated. Swatting at swarms of no-see-ums and mosquitoes, I wondered, Whose idea was this anyway? What benefit is there to spending two days alone with nothing but trees and bugs? Awakening the next morning to a soaked sleeping bag and pummeling rain only heightened my discontent, yet it was under these conditions that I was able to clearly examine my life in a way I never had before. We will write a custom essay sample on Solo Experience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As my solo experience took its course, the saying The quieter you become, the more you can hear took on a whole new meaning. I had been in the wilderness before; most of my summer had been spent outdoors climbing mountains and growing in a group dynamic. But being here alone, removed from every distraction in such a remote place, had a completely different effect. What started as a seemingly pointless and agitating proposition transformed into a beneficial one that I knew I would take full advantage of. So, instead of sitting under the tarp brooding about my misfortune and cursing the rain, I made the most of it. Every difficulty that came my way, I took on with impassioned vigor. When it started to rain and I got wet because I hadnt set up my tarp correctly, it was my fault. There was no one else to blame. The realization that I was responsible for controlling all time and action and overcoming all conflict had an immediate effect. Consequently, as I went about my day reading, fishing and writing, I underwent some serious introspection. As a result I began to see myself as an individual adept at overcomin g challenges of any environment. As I came to see my own power and potential, I also found myself examining the many relationships and people who have graced my life. From family to friends, away from the everyday hustle and bustle of life, appraisal and investigation of how my actions affected both their lives and mine became increasingly natural. As the hours wore on, my stomach started to growl, and discomfort reached an all-time high. Oddly, though, things became clearer. The adversity had in fact spawned a growth process, one that would stick with me and equip me with a new sense of individuality and awareness of my role as a human being. And although I was miserable, hungry and irritated at the time, looking back, I cherish those moments to myself huddled in a soaked sleeping bag in the middle of nowhere.

The Ultimate SAT Spanish Subject Test Study Guide

The Ultimate SAT Spanish Subject Test Study Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Applying to highly selective schools often means submitting SAT Subject Test scores along with your regular SAT or ACT scores. Si espaà ±ol es pan comido para usted, then taking the SAT Spanish Subject Test is a great way to fulfill part of the subject test requirement. Read this guide to learn more about what’s on the SAT Spanish Subject Test and whether or not you should take it. We’ll go over format, test content, where to find good practice material, and tips to help you when studying and taking the test. Table of Contents What’s the Test Format? When Can You Take It? Should You Take the SAT Subject Test in Spanish? Choosing the Right SAT Subject Test: Spanish or Spanish with Listening? What Does the Test Cover? Part A: Vocabulary and Structure Part B: Paragraph Completion Part C: Reading Comprehension SAT Spanish with Listening Question Styles Where to Find SAT Spanish Practice Tests 4 SAT Spanish Study Tips Test-Day Tips En Conclusià ³n What’s Next? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or more? We've put our best advice into a single guide. These are the 5 strategies you MUST be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download this free SAT guide now: What’s the Test Format? There are two different SAT Spanish tests you can choose from. The regular SAT Spanish Subject Test is like most other standardized tests- you’ll be asked multiple choice questions about what you read in the test booklet. The Spanish with Listening Subject Test is a little different because the test starts by asking you to answer around 30 multiple choice questions based on listening to recordings (followed by ~55 questions you’ll answer based on what you read). SAT Spanish SAT Spanish with Listening What’s it out of? 200-800 points 200-800 points How long is it? 60 minutes for reading questions 60 minutes total (20 min for listening questions, 40 minutes for reading questions) How many questions is it? 85 Around 85 (around 30 listening questions, 55 reading questions) For both of these tests, you’ll need to answer about 85 multiple choice questions (each with four possible answer choices). Each correct answer is worth one point, each skipped or unanswered question is worth 0 points, and each incorrect answer is worth negative 0.25 points (to discourage random guessing). When you take the Spanish with Listening Subject Test, you’ll need to bring along an approved CD-player to use for the listening questions. Return to the table of contents. Robert Leverington/Flickr When Can You Take the SAT Subject Test in Spanish? The regular SAT Spanish Subject Test is offered in August, October, December, May, and June. The Spanish with Listening Subject Test is only offered in November*. Here’s a snapshot of what the SAT II Spanish test dates look like for the school year 2019-2020: SAT Spanish SAT Spanish with Listening August 24, 2019 âÅ"” October 5, 2019 âÅ"” November 2, 2019 âÅ"” December 7, 2019 âÅ"” May 2, 2020 âÅ"” June 6, 2020 âÅ"” In future years the dates may shift around a little, but the SAT Spanish Subject Test will always be offered in these months around the same dates. You can find the most up-to-date information about SAT Subject Test dates here. *SAT Language tests with listening will be offered in November up through November 2020; after that, they will only be offered in May (starting May 2021). Return to the table of contents. Should You Take the SAT Spanish Subject Test? The College Board recommends that you should only take the SAT Spanish Subject Test if you’ve studied 3-4 years of high school Spanish (or two years, if you’re an advanced student). To be blunt, SAT Language Subject Tests are extremely difficult to do well on for non-native speakers because your performance is being compared to that of native speakers who take the test. The curve isn’t quite as bad on Spanish as it is for some of the other language tests, but in general, there are only three cases in which you should think about taking a SAT Subject Test in Spanish. Case 1: Spanish Is Your Strongest Subject Some highly selective colleges require or recommend students to submit at least two SAT Subject Test scores along with their applications. If application requirements are why you’re taking an SAT Subject Test, Spanish should only be your choice if it’ll be one of your best scores. To know if you'll be able to do well on the SAT Spanish Subject Test, we've put together this table with what it takes to get a good score on the SAT Spanish Subject Test (excerpted from our article on what’s a good Subject Test score). 70th+ %ile score 80th+ %ile score 90th+ %ile score Spanish 730-740 760 790-800 Spanish with Listening 750-760 770 790 If you’re going to be able to hit a higher percentile score on the SAT Spanish Subject Test than you will with any other Subject Test, then you should take it. Otherwise, it's better to send colleges an excellent score in another area than to send them a mediocre Spanish SAT II score. Case 2: You’re Not Taking Spanish but Want to Show Fluency If you’re not taking AP or IB Spanish B and want to show you have a high level of fluency and ability in Spanish, then it makes sense to take the SAT Spanish Subject Test. Students who might fall into this category include native Spanish speakers or students who’ve taken a lot of Spanish outside of their high school and want to demonstrate their abilities. In fact, if you have a lot of experience and familiarity with spoken Spanish, the College Board particularly recommends taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test to showcase your listening skills. Case 3: You Want to Place Into the Correct Level of Spanish Colleges often use standardized test scores to place you in the right level foreign language classes. If you’re not planning on taking the Spanish AP or IB test, then taking the SAT Subject Test in Spanish is a good substitute. Most colleges also have some kind of free placement exam, so if you don’t want to spend the time and money on a SAT Subject Test, you don’t have to. One bonus of taking the SAT Spanish Subject Test, though, is that all the questions are multiple choice- you won’t have to write any essays or even do any free-response questions. If you’re only taking the test to place into the correct level of Spanish and will be submitting other, likely higher, SAT II scores with your college applications, you should wait until you’re as far along in your Spanish classes as possible to take the Spanish SAT. You’ll need to double check with the colleges you’re applying to, but as a rule, if you’re only taking SAT II Spanish to place into the right level Spanish class, you should hold off on taking it until May or June of senior year. Return to the table of contents. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Choosing the Right SAT Subject Test: Spanish or Spanish With Listening? We briefly went over the big difference between the two tests when discussing their formats, but that might not be enough information for you to decide which test to take. The difference between the two tests boils down to how comfortable you are with understanding spoken Spanish. On the informational page about the Spanish with Listening Subject Test, College Board states that â€Å"many colleges indicate the Spanish with Listening test gives them a fuller picture of your ability and may be more useful for placement purposes.† So if you can excel on Spanish with Listening, you should absolutely take that over the regular Spanish Subject Test (kind of like how you should take the Math 2C Subject Test over Math 1C). But if you’re not confident your Spanish listening comprehension skills are at a high enough level or are worried that anxiety about the listening section will negatively affect your score, you should take the regular SAT Spanish Subject Test. 40% of the questions on the Spanish with Listening Subject Test involve listening to spoken Spanish and answering questions on it. The three tasks you’ll be asked to perform are: Explaining a picture ("Pictures"). You’ll have to identify either what’s presented in a photograph or the most likely thing someone in the photograph would say. Continuing a conversation ("Rejoinders"). You’ll have to choose the answer that would be the best next line in a short conversation. Demonstrating listening comprehension ("Selections"). You’ll need to answer questions that demonstrate you’ve understood what was said in a longer spoken selection. Keep in mind that both exams test you on your knowledge of vocabulary and structure, paragraph completions, and reading comprehension. It’s just that answering questions based on written material makes up 100% of the SAT Spanish Subject Test, but only about 60% of the SAT Spanish with Listening Subject Test. For Rejoinders questions, if one person in the recording asks  ¿Dà ³nde est el baà ±o?, you'll need to choose an answer that makes sense in context. Return to the table of contents. What Does the Test Cover? The SAT Spanish Subject Test is designed to cover skills and topics that are taught in most high school Spanish classes. Specifically, the following three areas are heavily emphasized: Vocabulary (in the context of a sentence as well as throughout the test) Parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.) Idiomatic expressions The test itself is divided up into three sections, each with roughly equal numbers of questions. Part A: Vocabulary and Structure Part B: Paragraph Completion Part C: Reading Comprehension In the next three sections of this guide, I’ll go over what’s on each of the three parts of the test. All sample questions come from the SAT Subject Test Student Guide 2016-2017. Return to the table of contents. Part A: Vocabulary and Structure The first part of the SAT Spanish Subject Test is the Vocabulary and Structure section (33% of the test). This section is made up of fill-in-the-blank questions which test your knowledge of both what word or phrase is correct grammatically and what makes sense in the context of the sentence. Here’s an example of a vocabulary and structure question you might see on the SAT II Spanish Test: Directions: This part consists of a number of incomplete statements, each having four suggested completions. Select the most appropriate completion and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. Si en el Brasil, hablarà ­amos portuguà ©s y no espaà ±ol. (A) vivamos(B) vivimos(C) vivà ­amos(D) vivià ©ramos Answer: D Return to thetable of contents. Part B: Paragraph Completion The next section on the Spanish SAT Subject Test is the Paragraph Completion section (33%). This section is very similar to the vocabulary and structure section, but instead of testing grammar and usage with isolated sentences, you’ll be given longer paragraphs and asked to complete them with the appropriate vocabulary or phrase choice. Here’s a sample paragraph and a paragraph completion question about it: Directions: In each of the following paragraphs, there are numbered blanks indicating that words or phrases have been omitted. For each numbered blank, four completions are provided. First, read through the entire paragraph. Then, for each numbered blank, choose the completion that is most appropriate given the context of the entire paragraph and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. La mquina ms infernal de hacer dinero se llama â€Å"Pedroso,† un osito electrà ³nico que (4) ha derramado sobre sus fabricantes beneficios superiores a los 100 millones de dà ³lares en el (5) aà ±o. La (6) de Pedroso es que habla. Claro, no hay ningà ºn misterio en la cinta sin fin y el grabador (7) en el interior del osito. Pero lo (8) novedoso es que (9) hablar su boca se mueve en sincronà ­a con las palabras y sus ojos pestaà ±ean. El juguete (10) vende a precios que oscilan entre 60 y 80 dà ³lares. (4): (A) todavà ­a(B) nunca(C) ya(D) tampoco Answer: C Return to the table of contents. Part C: Reading Comprehension The last third of the SAT Spanish Subject Test is Part C, the Reading Comprehension section. The questions in this section are based on short selections from: prose fiction historical works newspaper and magazine articles advertisements, flyers, and letters You'll be tested on your understanding of the passage or image with questions that ask you about: main and supporting ideas themes style tone spatial and temporal settings of the selection (where and when do the events described in the passage take place?) Below, you can try out a sample Reading Comprehension question based on an advertisement. Directions: Read the following texts carefully for comprehension. Each text is followed by a number of questions or incomplete statements. Select the answer or completion that is best according to the text and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet.  ¿Quà © caracterà ­stica se destaca ms de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a anunciada? (A) Su precio(B) Su cortesà ­a(C) Su rapidez(D) Su amplitud Answer: D Return to the table of contents. SAT Spanish With Listening Question Styles If you choose to take the SAT Spanish with Listening Subject Test, you’ll encounter three additional types of questions, all listening-based. For Pictures questions, you’ll be shown a printed picture in your test booklet and asked to listen to four sentences. The recording will specify whether the sentences are meant to illustrate what you see in the picture or be an example of what someone in the picture might say. The full sentences you listen to for the Pictures questions are not written out in your test booklet, just the answer choices (A), (B), (C), or (D). For an example of a Pictures question, try the first or second question in this set of official practice questions. The next type of Listening question is called "Rejoinders." You’ll hear either several short conversations or parts of conversations and then be asked to listen to four possible choices for how the conversation could continue. Again, only (A), (B), (C), or (D) will be in your test booklet, not the full text of the choices. To see an example of a Rejoinders question, try question #3, 4, or 5 in this set of official practice questions. The last type of Listening question, Selections, asks you to demonstrate you’ve listened to and understood a longer listening selection (around 10-25 seconds). For an example of this type of question, try any of the last four questions in this set of official practice questions. Return to the table of contents. Where to Find SAT Spanish Practice Tests The best source of realistic SAT Spanish Subject Test practice materials is the College Board, the maker of the test. If you want to practice with a full-length official SAT Spanish practice test, you’ll have to buy The Official Guide for ALL SAT Subject Tests, 2nd Edition, which costs around $18 and includes an audio CD for the Spanish with Listening practice test. Both of the SAT Subject Tests in Spanish ask you questions based on what you read, so you can use the reading section of the practice test you’re not taking for extra practice questions. If you’re taking the†¦ Take the†¦ Get extra practice questions from the†¦ Spanish Subject Test Spanish Subject Test practice test Spanish with Listening Subject Test practice test Spanish with Listening Subject Test Spanish with Listening Subject Test practice test Spanish Subject Test practice test The best free resource for official SAT Spanish practice is the College Board website, which allows you to answer 33 practice questions online and view your results (with answer explanations). Here's a breakdown of how many types of each question the College Board website has for the SAT Spanish Subject Test: Section Type Number of Questions Vocabulary and Structure 5 Paragraph Completion 15 (across two different paragraphs) Reading Comprehension 13 (across three different passages/ads) If you’re taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test, you can also try out nine official online listening practice questions for free. If your browser supports Adobe Flash Player, you can actually listen to the questions, rather than just reading the written-out script, which is great practice! Here's a breakdown of the number of Spanish with Listening questions College Board has up online (spoiler alert: there are only nine questions total): Section Type Number of Questions Pictures 2 Rejoinders 3 Selections 4 Other Practice Resources The free SAT Subject Tests Student Guide PDF is useful if you want to print out the questions and take them on paper for more realistic practice, but it only includes some (not all) of the free online practice questions linked to in the previous section. If you want more practice tests, you can supplement your studying with non-official practice materials. The best of these seems to be Barron’s SAT Subject Test: Spanish, which includes ten full-length practice tests as well as review materials for specific topics. Return to Table of Contents 4 SAT Spanish Study Tips Now that you're fully equipped with information about what the test covers, what the question formats are, and what practice materials are out there, it's time to jump into studying. We've come up with four fundamental tips to help you as you prep for the SAT Spanish Subject Test. #1: Listen and Watch Spanish-Language Media A great way to get comfortable with colloquial Spanish is to listen to Spanish-language music and watch telenovelas or other Spanish-language media. This is one time where watching TV is a valid studying technique! Get on your online streaming service of choice and search for Spanish-language music and film/TV. Make sure to turn off English subtitles if you’re watching something in Spanish, or that will defeat the purpose. If you're looking for specific movie suggestions, Spanish teacher Carla Staffaroni suggests watching Diarios de motocicleta, La misma luna, Valentà ­n, and La historia oficial. #2: Memorize Irregular Verbs One thing the SAT Language Subject Tests love to test you on is irregular verbs, particularly ones that are commonly used. Study them and learn them well so you’re not unpleasantly surprised on test day. Here's a list of the top 25 most common irregular verbs: Spanish verb English meaning ser to be haber to have estar to be tener to have hacer to do, to make poder can, to be able decir to say, to tell ir to go ver to see dar to give saber to know querer to want, to love llegar to arrive, to reach, to come (to) poner to put, to place, to set parecer to seem creer to believe seguir to follow, to continue encontrar to find, to encounter venir to come pensar to think salir to leave, to go out volver to return, to go back conocer to know (people or places) sentir to feel, to regret contar to count, to tell We have an article specifically about ser for every tense, as a good starting place. For more irregular verbs, search online for "common irregular Spanish verbs." #3: Memorize the Question Formats Just knowing Spanish won’t be enough to ace this test if you are caught off guard by the ways you’re tested on your knowledge. Familiarize yourself ahead of time with the different question formats that will be on the test to avoid getting surprised on test day. To recap, those formats for the regular SAT Spanish Subject Test are: fill-in-the-blank vocab questions, paragraph completion questions, and reading comprehension questions. In addition to those three question formats, the Spanish with Listening test also has Picture, Rejoinder, and Selection questions. #4: Take Realistic Practice Tests Even if you’re completely fluent in Spanish, you should take at least one realistic practice test to familiarize yourself with the layout of the test. To get the most realistic practice-test experience, you’ll need to make sure you take the test in one sitting, stick to the 60-minute time limit, and don’t re-listen to audio recordings you’ll only get a chance to hear once on the real test. If you take a realistic practice test and ace it, then congratulations! You don’t need to spend extra time studying. If you take it and don’t do as well as you expected, that’s still helpful, because the questions you got wrong will tell you where you need to focus your studying. Part of making sure your practice test is realistic if you’re taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test is using an approved CD player, preferably the one you’ll be using on test day. Yes, it’s easier to just pop the CD into your computer’s disc drive, but that won’t give you the most realistic testing experience. Make sure you have and practice with a CD player that: has headphones is handheld (no boomboxes or computers) is battery operated (no power cords permitted) can’t record or duplicate Return to the table of contents. You also cannot take a realistic practice test using your car's CD player. Test-Day Tips All of the usual test-taking tips apply to the Spanish Subject Test: get lots of sleep, bring a snack, get there early, and so forth. However, we’ve also compiled four tips below that are particularly helpful for taking the Spanish SAT II. #1: Only Guess Between Two Answers As with all SAT Subject Tests with questions with four answer choices, the Spanish and Spanish with Listening tests take off a third of a point for every wrong answer. Unless you can narrow your choices down to two possible correct answers, it’s too much of a risk to guess. You’re better off skipping the question, which leads right into the next test-day tip. #2: Skip Hard Questions Save time by skipping over harder questions and coming back to them later. Each question is worth the same amount of points, and there’s no rule that says you have to go through the test in order. It's much better to skip and come back to a difficult question than it is to burn five of your precious test-taking minutes staring it down. Unfortunately, if you want to get a good score on the SAT Spanish Subject Test, you're going to have to answer almost every question correctly. But it's better for your score to answer 81/85 questions correctly and leave four blank than it is to answer 85/85 and get four questions wrong. The next two tips are for the Spanish with Listening Subject Test only. #3: Don’t Forget Your CD Player! There is nothing worse than getting to a testing center and realizing you’ve forgotten some essential test-taking tool, whether it's your lucky number two pencil or your graphing calculator for SAT Math. All this is to say that if you're taking the SAT Spanish with Listening Subject Test, make sure you bring your College Board-approved CD player with you to the test. You might want to pack it (along with headphones and extra working batteries) the night before, just to be safe. Before test day, you’ll also want to check to make sure the CD player is working well and put in fresh batteries (no need to be changing your batteries out during the test). Similarly, make sure that the backup batteries you bring with you are functional. College Board even suggests bringing a backup CD player if possible, although that seems a little over the top. Still, you should do whatever will make you feel the most confident that you won’t encounter technical difficulties during the test. #4: Stay Calm During Listening Because it requires not just reading, but listening, some students can get very anxious about the listening section of the test, particularly since it’s the first 20 minutes of the test. You can do things ahead of time that will lessen this anxiety, like making sure you practice with the same CD player you’ll be using on the test so you can get familiar with it in the test-taking environment. We also have some great tips on decreasing test-taking anxiety in general here. Ultimately, though, even if you finish the listening section and feel like you’ve completely failed it, try not to let it faze you too much. You need to put your game face on and concentrate on hitting the next 55-ish written questions out of the park! Postpone your self-doubt and worrying for 40 minutes until you put down the pencil at the end of the test. Return to the table of contents. En Conclusià ³n The SAT Spanish Subject Test is 85 multiple choice questions taken over the course of 60 minutes. If you’re fluent in Spanish or know that your strongest SAT Subject Test Score will be in Spanish, you should take the SAT Spanish Subject Test. Consider taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test if you have a good understanding of spoken Spanish, as it will give colleges a better idea of your Spanish abilities. Use the College Board website for free practice questions, or buy The Official Guide for ALL SAT Subject Tests, 2nd Edition for a complete official practice test. Try the Barron’s SAT Spanish Subject Test book for more non-official practice tests. You can also prepare for the SAT Spanish Subject Test by listening to Spanish-language music, watching Spanish-language TV and films, and memorizing common irregular verbs. On test day, remember to skip hard questions and come back to them later and only guessing if you can narrow it down to two choices. If you’re taking Spanish with Listening, don’t forget your CD player and try not to sweat the listening section after you’ve finished it.  ¡Feliz estudios! What’s Next? Want more in-depth information about the difficulty of the test before you make any decisions? Read our analysis of how hard the SAT Spanish Subject Test is here. Still trying to decide if it makes sense to take the SAT Spanish Subject Test? Take a look at our discussion of which SAT Subject Tests you should take. Not sure if you need to take an SAT Subject Test for the colleges you're applying to? Use our complete list of colleges that require SAT subject tests to figure out the answer! Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

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Architecture And Sustainable Tourism Tourism has been one of the economic success stories of the last 40 years. It has grown into a major component of the world economy and one of the most highly developed and dynamic industries with an important contribution to incomes and employment. Tourism has been rapidly growing sector and a wide-sweeping socioeconomic phenomenon with broad economic, social, cultural and environmental consequences. It is likely that tourism will continue to dominate the international scene for many years to come. (Sharma, 2001) The environment is probably one of the most important contributors to the desirability and attractiveness of a destination. Scenic site, amenable climates and unique landscape features have an important influence in tourism development and the spatial distribution of tourist movements. Apart from environment, the other important tourist puller is culture in all its diversity across continents. 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This over-utilization of the natural resources and exploitation of cultural heritage especially during the peak periods of tourist activity as well as often ill planned tourism development, have provided a number of examples where tourism is in conflict with the environment (Coccossis, Parpairis, 1995). Not only that, as a result of environmental consciousness, a great n umber of alternative forms of tourism been developed in the last decade. Sustainable Tourism promotes limited-scale, low-impact, community-based activities. It may be defined as tourism that gives emphasis to the contact and understanding between the hosts and the tourist, as well as the environment (Smith Eadington, 1992) or as tourism consistent with the natural, social and community values and that allows a positive relationship among locals and tourists. (Wearing Neil, 1999). Sustainable environment requires sustainable design. Architecture and design can preserve the memorable and old monuments while it can also create new and attractive qualities in which people can use and enjoy. Architecture has the talent of defining spaces and therefore has a powerful influence on the human behaviour and understanding and this is exactly what is always taken into account in sustainability, maximizing economic benefit and preserving the ecosystem. But what should be the approach to this design to achieve all goals of sustainable tourism or rather what are the tools and principles of architecture that need to be adopted to embrace sustainable tourism need to be developed. Thus the question to be answered is: What should be the architectural approach for sustainable tourism? Defining Sustainable Tourism Sustainable tourism is often considered to be a special kind of tourism that appeals to a particular market niche that is sensitive to environmental and social impacts. This is a narrow view as sustainable tourism is much more than a discreet or special form of tourism. The term sustainable tourism refers to a fundamental objective to make all tourism more sustainable. It is a continual process of improvement, one which applies equally to tourism in cities, resorts, rural and coastal areas, hills and protected areas. It should be thought of as a condition of tourism, not a type of tourism. Sustainable tourism is based on the three pillars of sustainability (economic, social and environmental) and is simply defined by the World Tourism Organization as: Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social, and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities. (WTO, 2005) Sustainability is a process and not an end state. The built environment and Tourism Tourism has an adverse effect on built environment. It could be on architectural faà §ade, change of landuse, overburdening of infrastructure etc. Large scale construction of tourist facilities and other infrastructure tends to change the land use of an area and also disturb the natural ecological harmony of a destination. Also tourism brings changes to the vernacular technology and sometimes the traditional constructions simply vanish giving way to modern construction which is most of the time not following and principles of sustainability. Instead they create harm to the destination, eventually losing the character, being environmentally disturbing and not suited to the needs apart from commercial aspect. Some of the other impacts of tourism on built environment and architecture of a place are: over-intensive urbanization, illegal constructions, pollution, negative aesthetic changes, degradation of quality etc. Need Identification Tourism now accounts for 10% of the worlds economic activity but at the same time it has major impacts on the natural and built environments and as well as on well being and cultures of host population. Ecological, social and economic sustainability are intertwined. Tourism and architecture may be connected to the benefit of the two and ultimately to the benefit of the people. There has been only a very little research on the role of architecture and the approach that should be followed when targeting sustainable tourism. Since building activities like construction of hotels, guest houses, tourist centres, commercial centres etc dominate the development of tourism at any place, there is a need to develop an approach and policy on architectural developments as part of sustainable tourism. This problem is of fundamental importance as it has led to the absence of an adequate theoretical foundation for understanding the dynamics of alternative tourism and the social activities it involves and responding to it accordingly. Sustainable design and planning do not jeopardize the economical benefits that a healthy tourism industry can bring; on the contrary, they can enhance local peculiarities and make use of traditional knowledge and expertise. Where sustainable methods and materials are employed, buildings can be both ecologically and economically profitable, thanks to their lower construction and life cycle costs. This dissertation will be a small effort in the same direction. Scope Sustainability does not require a diminished quality of life, but it does require a change in mindset and values toward a less consumptive lifestyle. These changes must embrace global interdependence, environmental stewardship, social responsibility and economic viability. Various government bodies, international organizations and conventions have stated the importance of tourism and its sustainability. Many countries as well wish to or have already initiated the pursuit to policies of sustainable tourism. In fact one of the most important issues in sustainable development of tourism resources is the consideration and expansion of design and construction standards in order to reach an optimum use of energy, water and land resources. The scope of the study will be to understand sustainable tourism and its forms keeping in mind the delicate destinations specially, be it in terms of their ecosystem, cultural heritage or economic stability and state principles that should govern the architectural design and planning of the tourism infrastructure keeping in mind sustainability as defined above. To lay down the architectural ethics in planning and designing of tourist needs like hotels, guest houses , activity centres etc suitable to the ecosystem ,society and economy. The study will concentrate on the fragile destinations since there is more need there but the applications will be in general universal. The scope of research is in guidelines published by international bodies keeping in mind Indian destinations. Limitations The case studies where sustainable tourism developments have been implemented will not be accessible physically and the research will have to depend on secondary sources of data. The primary case study will be covering a destination which is fragile ecologically, culturally and economically. It might not be possible to make multiple visits and at the same time while doing the survey the lack of academic knowledge regarding the subject amongst hosts could lead it directionless. None of the tourist destinations in India has adopted sustainable tourism as a whole. Few resorts, localities etc have adopted sustainability within them. Sustainable tourism is a relatively new term; the research on it will be limited to data over the past 3o years only. Since the scope has to be limited the research will concentrate particularly on role of architecture in sustainable tourism and not other means of achieving it. When formulating the survey questionnaire, the lack of knowledge about sustainable tourism might lead to indirect framing of questions. Also people will have to be relied upon for being honest which might not be the case for all. 1.7 References and Bibliography References Khaksar,A., Tahmouri,A., Hoseinrazavi,S., 2001, The Reciprocal Effects Of Architecture And Tourism: The Sustainability Approach, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran Sharma,K., 2011, Sustainable Tourism Development Through Sustainable Architecture: A Projected Case Study of Coxs Bazaar, Bangladesh. Masters thesis, University of Huddersfield UNEP and WTO, 2005, Making Tourism More sustainable: A guide for policy makers

The American Cancer Society Essay examples -- Cancer Education, Resea

The American Cancer Society is a volunteer-based organization that is present across the United States. Its main purpose is to raise money and awareness about the severity and prevalence of cancer. Cancer education and research is where most of the focus and monetary donations are used for. The American Cancer Society strives to fulfill their goal of â€Å"less cancer and more birthdays† across all generations and populations (ACS Inc., 2011). The American Cancer Society began its fight in 1913, starting as the American Society for the Control of Cancer (ASCC), which included fifteen members in New York City (ACS Inc, 2011). Cancer was never a high-priority disease and was often pushed to the side due to the fact that there was no treatment, harsh conditions, and low diagnosis. In 1945, after WWII, the ASCC was reorganized and renamed as the American Cancer Society (ACS) (ACS Inc, 2011). At this point, America was able to recognize problems on the home-front, which major public health issues were obvious. In 1946, a woman by the name of Mary Lasker, a member of the original ASCC, helped raise more than $4 million for the Society, where one million of it was used to establish and fund infamous cancer research (ACS Inc, 2011). Soon after, Dr. Sidney Farber, one of the Society’s first research grantees, achieved the first temporary cancer remission in a child with acute leukemia using the drug Aminopterin (ACS Inc, 2011). The ACS has been developing research theories for decades, with approximately $3.5 billion dedicated to finding a cure to cancer through research (ACS, 2011). With the ACS name nationally recognized, they were able to help fund many national, government, and hospital prevention strategies and research. Currently, t... ...faith. Even though my friend lost his battle with esophageal cancer, he raised over $50,000 for the ACS with the help of our community, family, and friends. He wanted to repay ACS for what they did for him and wanted nothing more than to save someone else from what he was had to go through. ACS stayed by his side until the end giving him hope and support, and for that, I feel they are a remarkable organization. I do not feel that any improvements need to be made for this organization. They utilize all types of prevention and educational tools, including technology, media, and events. ACS can only continue their research in hopes of finding the cure to cancer. Time is the only factor that may be for, or against, the Society’s efforts. Spreading faith, knowledge, and strategies to overcome cancer is the only way to keep individuals safe from the burden of cancer.

Sand Maker of Hxjq Installs and Runs Smoothly and Easily

Hongxing impact crushers are the heavy type equipment, and also called sand making machines. The installation and operation both have fixed ruels and instructions. Generally speaking, if you install and use the sand making euqipment according to the following instructions, the equipment using life, product quality and personal safety can be guaranteed. OK, let's list the attentions when installing and operating a sand making machine. A. When installation, adjust the horizontal position. The machine must have the basic conditions: 1) feeding materials sequent . ) large pieces of materials can return back to the machine. 3) there is the lifting equipment upon the machine and it can lift the machine conveniently. 4) there is enough space to check up on one side of crusher. B. Common ruels when operating the sand maker. 1. Preparation works before start-up Sand making machine has a trial run for 4 hours in factory and all parts are in order. However, you must check up the machine again b efore start-up. 1) Check up turntable is balanceable or not, that is, wearing parts is installed in a whole set or not . ) The position of triangle belt is suitable or not, that is, strain is suitable or not. 3) All parts are connected steadily or not, and screws are fastened or not 1-4 Check up if there is a tool or sundries in the machine. Close the inspection door and plug into safety bolt. Don't open inspection door when operation. 1-5 Check up the running direction of engine and turntable is correct or not: anticlockwise rotation from the feeding port 1-6 Check up lubrication is enough or not. 2. Start-up without load ) Ammeter is working or not . 2) The control system: Y/' reducing the pressure start-up; Y/' time transfer relay should be adjusted as 50S or so. 3) Start-up of double electrical machine: Stand-alone start-up and Two engine start-up. You can choose the start-up according to the power of electric network. 3. Start-up with load. 1) Feed the materials after the machi ne have a successful trial run without load and the running of engine becomes ‘ type. 2) Max Feed Grain Size must be executed strictly according to instruction. ) You'd better put in the materials less than 5 mm at the beginning of start-up ( at least in half a minute) so that it can form protection layer in the machine. 4) When you feed the materials at the beginning, there will be a 30-60 seconds imbalance the machine. However, you mustn't stop the machine at once and that feed more materials until the vibration disappears. If there is violent shock and abnormal noise, you should stop the machine to check up carefully. 5) You'd better add magnetic separator beside feeding advice for fear that iron damages the machine chamber in the machine. ) Max electric current value is not exceed rated current one of running motor when feeding the materials. If the humidity of raw materials is too high, it maybe block the feed opening of central flow and overflow port of scattered flow an d influence electric current value. The electric current value is too high and can't be lower because the overflow port of scattered flow is blocked. Contrarily, the feed opening of central flow is blocked. You must stop the machine to clean up all feed openings and then work sequentially. ) Dual drive motor must regulate and bring the strain of two groups of triangle belts into harmony. Look into two groups of electric current value of motor is accord or not. 4. Stop the machine 1) You must stop feeding the materials before stopping the machine. 2) The ammeter should be without load before stopping the machine. impact crusher: http://www. hxjqchina. com/product-list_12. html sand making machine: http://www. hxjqchina. com/product-list_57. html sand maker: http://www. hxjqchina. com/product-list_57. html magnetic separator: http://www. hxjq-crusher. com/60. html

The Roots of Prostitution In the UK The WritePass Journal

The Roots of Prostitution In the UK Introduction The Roots of Prostitution In the UK IntroductionCauses of prostitutionHealth Effects of ProstitutionThe Relationship between prostitution and Crime.How the Government can curb prostitutionThe law on prostitution ConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction Prostitution is having sex with strangers in exchange for money or other valuables. It is implied that the payment is made for a specific reward. Prostitution is a service that can be done by men or women to request either men or women takes place in cities around the world and has certain common characteristics, although the number of prostitutes vary widely from city to city that is next to it. (Leheny 2005 367) According to sociologist, Giddens prostitution can simply be defined as â€Å"the granting of sexual favours for monetary gain.† (Anthony Giddens 2003). He went on further to explain the genesis of the word stating that: â€Å"The word ‘prostitute’ began to come into common usage in the late eighteenth century. In the ancient world, most purveyors of sexuality for economic reward were courtesans, concubines (kept mistresses) or slaves.† (Anthony Giddens 2003). In the United Kingdom, prostitution has been an occupation carried out by many men and women of a variety of social status’ and ages. The act of prostitution has been used as a means to make ends meet. Over a period of decades to prostitute ones self or par take in the act of prostitution was not seen as illegal until recent times. Although sexual encounters occur regularly between males and females of the opposing sex, the exchange of money and gifts have now changed what was once commonplace to a taboo. Some individuals still see the act of prostitution as a deviant act and it is not a kind of ambition a parent would wish for his or her children. Others have accepted that this is now a part of the ‘norm’ although they disagree with such acts feel there is no need to condemn those that indulge. Despite this, research has shown that â€Å"almost 80,000 (people) are involved in prostitution in the UK. Up to 95% of those involved in street-based prostitution are problematic drug-users, and many are homeless. Continuous research has shown that 4.3% of men have paid for sex in the last three years (8.9% in London, 3.5% nationally).† (Paying the Price, Home Office Consultation, July 2004). The act of prostitution is practised mostly in urban areas. According to (Bullough Vern et al. 1982 page 154), â€Å"prostitution in the middle ages was, much as it is today, primarily an urban institution.† Prostitution is an urban institution because it is mostly in cities that these sex workers are groomed. Nowadays, people are far more aware of sex workers and their activities but choose to overlook such indeiscressions and have accepted them as the norm. This then leads us to the following causes of prostitution. The history of prostitution dates back to thousands of years ago (Tannahil, Sex in History). Although it is difficult to say precisely what era prostitution started, it is evident that the profession is ancient as it can be seen from the Bible that prostitutes existed. Giddens states that the word prostitution began to come into common usage in the late eighteenth century. In the ancient world, most purveyors of sexuality for economic reward were courtesans, concubines (kept mistresses) or slaves.† (Anthony Giddens 2003). From the Mesopotamian times to the present, the debates around prostitution continue to question why it exists in the society and how it can be eradicated. However, there have been negative perceptions about prostitution; there have also been views that prostitution in medieval Europe was influenced by the views o the early Churches. It was tolerable as it was seen as unavoidable (Tannahill, Sex in History (1982), 279). Research on prostitution dates back to the nineteenth century. A prominent researcher of prostitution was Dr William Sanger who sought to examine why women went into prostitution. The research into prostitution is still a popular topic and its continuance reveals the problematic nature of this supposed profession in our society. The problems which prostitution causes will be discussed in the latter part of the essay. The continuing debate on prostitution would be irrelevant if one cannot define what it actually is. Though the definitions of prostitution are interlinked, the complexity arises because of the differing definitions that exist between different theorists. In the â€Å"Reflections on the Sad Profession† (Time Magazine, August 23 1971), the difficulty of defining prostitution was noted. It stated, â€Å"The whole subject of prostitution is full of ambiguities and hypocrisies. The Encarta dictionary defines prostitution as â€Å"the act of engaging in sexual intercourse or performing other sex acts in exchange for money, or of offering another person for such purposes (Encarta Dictionary Tools (2006)). The definition in the dictionary is the attitude an ordinary person in the society holds about prostitution. However, there have been arguments that prostitution goes beyond the engagement of sexual intercourse in exchange for money. In her article titled â€Å"A Theory of Prostitution† (February 2002, Journal of Political Economy), Lena Edlund claims that â€Å"a prostitute cannot simply be a woman who sells her body since that is done every day by women who become wives in order to gain a home and a livelihood. The definition Edlund presents is arguable to the extent that patriarchy in our society has greatly reduced in comparison to traditional times. The increase in employment in recent times shows that women are able to be independent of men ev en when they do become wives without the need to exchange their bodies for livelihood. In the â€Å"Philosophy Statement† of a Minnesota-based nonprofit organization, prostitution was defined as a â€Å"systematic sexual violence and oppression against women and girls† (Breaking Free Inc.). For the reason that the organization focuses on helping women and girls who have been involved in prostitution, one can argue that this definition is biased. However, as it will be discussed later in detail, domestic violence remains one of the adverse effects of prostitution showing some truth in the definition of the organization. In the article â€Å"The History of Prostitution through the Reneissance†, Magistra Rosemounde of Mercia asserts that there are various theories on prostitution and it can be broken down into four basic categories. The first theory asserts that prostitution cannot be avoided because nature determines certain roles for men and women of whom one of the roles women have is to satisfy the sexual needs of men. Some theorists such as Lars Ericsson hold this view (Schwarzenbach, Contractarians and Feminists Debate Prostitution 1991). The second view is the socialist/Marxist view is that prostitution is inevitable result of capitalism (Vern and Bonnie Bullough, Women and Prostitution: A Social History (1987; 3-4)). The third view is widely held by some anthropologists, which asserts that prostitution is a holdover from early matriarchal societies where it was practiced without negative social stigma that is present today (Bullough, 5-8). The final theory is that prostitution is a func tion of a patriarchal and male dominated society. Mainly feminists (Tong, Women, Sex and the Law (1984)) and traditional anthropologists hold this view. Causes of prostitution There are various reasons why people turn to prostitution in the society and some of these reasons would be discussed and analysed in this case study. One of the reasons why people engage in the act of prostitution according to Taylor is because of children being sexually abused. Sexually abused children tend to act in a manner in which they had been brought up from childhood. It was stated in the video of ‘the Prostitution Agenda’ on You Tube â€Å"93% of prostituted women are survivors of sexual abuse† (www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_ngNPsYgLc) Furthermore, in the UK people especially women have been attracted into prostitution because of the high rate of divorce. Giddens states, â€Å"The increasing divorce rate has tempted some newly impoverished women into prostitution† (Anthony Giddens 2003). Some divorced women turn into prostitution because they just want to get the sexual pleasure that they are not getting. Another reason why individuals turn to prostitution is Poverty. â€Å"Poverty can be defined as a situation in which an individual or individuals in a society are not able to live up to the average standard of expectations in a society which is being below the stated poverty line and having low life chances.† (Seebhom Rowntree). In modern days, people get involved in prostitution because they believe it is an easier way to get money or drugs without having to do much. According to Giddens â€Å"Prostitution in the UK today come mainly from poorer social backgrounds, as they did in the past, but they have been joined by considerable numbers of middle-class women.† (Anthony Giddens 2003). More tragic are the women in low-income situations, doing it out of pure economic necessity. Sometimes they are single mothers, who simply have not been able to find any other way to make it. Another reason why people engage in the act of prostitution is due to unemployment and the nature of their former job. Urbanized cities in the UK have very big class struggle such that the life chances of individuals are very low and they can do many things to survive; Things like robbery, fraud and murder talk less of prostitution. People can also practice prostitution due to the nature of their former job or generally experiences. According to Gerdes, â€Å"ex- strippers, massage parlour workers, call girls, escorts, pornographic- actors and/or actresses are likely to be involved in the act of prostitution later on† (Louise I. Gerdes 2007). The culture, particular mass media, is playing a large role in normalizing prostitution by Portraying prostitution as glamorous or a way to make a lot of money quickly and easily. Of course, within the commercial world of entertainment, there are many connections between the film and publishing industries and pornography production, between tourist entertainment and sex tourism. Generally, the media is invested in supporting the expansion of the sex industry. Within academia, and to my great disappointment, the area of women’s studies, prostitution is Presented as â€Å"sex work.† In addition, â€Å"sex workers† are represented as being empowered, independent, Liberated women. This false and destructive ideology has invaded our courses in Universities. We should be asking, â€Å"Who really benefits when we redefine prostitution as a legitimate form of work for women?† Do women and girls benefit? Where are these women and girls going to come from? Because as prostitution become legal and normal, more and more women and girls will be needed. Is this our solution to women’s poverty and unemployment? Certainly, it will benefit the exploiters, and the state will easily solve the poverty and Unemployment problem for one sector of society. Turn them into sex workers. Within the culture, churches are the voice of moral authority. Unfortunately, in the battle against Prostitution, the voice of moral authority that condemns all forms of sexual exploitation and abuse is being lost. Some churches are compromising on their mission and their vision. In years past, they have been accused of being â€Å"moralistic,† so they have retreated into â€Å"non-judgmental† positions and ways of addressing prostitution. They need to re-examine their retreat from this issue and reengage in the debate. There is an important role for churches to play in describing the harm of prostitution to women, children, families, and communities. Religious communities, from the grassroots to the leadership, need to use their voice of authority to combat the increasing sexual exploitation of victims and its normalization. (Donna M. Hughes Professor Carlson Endowed. July 1, 2, and 3, 2004 Female Prostitution: Proposals and Interventions) Health Effects of Prostitution When violence against women is considered, prostitution is often exempted from the category of violence against women. However, a consideration of the dire health consequences of prostitution demonstrates that prostitution not only gravely impairs women’s health but also firmly belongs in the category of violence against women. The health consequences to women from prostitution are the same injuries and infections suffered by women who are subjected to other forms of violence against women. The physical health consequences include injury (bruises, broken bones, black eyes, concussions). A 1994 study conducted with 68 women in Minneapolis/St.Paul who had been prostituted for at least six months found that half the women had been physically assaulted by their purchasers, and a third of these experienced purchaser assaults at least several times a year. 23% of those assaulted were beaten severely enough to have suffered broken bones. Two experienced violence so vicious that they were beaten into a coma. Furthermore, 90% of the women in this study had experienced violence in their personal relationships resulting in miscarriage, stabbing, loss of consciousness, and head injuries (Parriott, Health Experiences of Twin Cities Women Used in Prostitution). The sex of prostitution is physically harmful to women in prostitution. STDs (including HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, herpes, human papilloma virus, and syphilis) are alarmingly high among women in prostitution. Only 15 % of the women in the Minneapolis/St. Paul study had never contracted one of the STDs, not including AIDS, most injurious to health (Chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhoeal, herpes). General gynaecological problems, but in particular chronic pelvic pain and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), plague women in prostitution.. The Minneapolis/St. Paul study reported that 31% of the women interviewed had experienced at least one episode of PID, which accounts for most of the serious illness associated with STD infection. Among these women, there was also a high incidence of positive pap smears, several times greater than the Minnesota Department of Health’s cervical cancer screening program for low and middle-income women. More STD episodes can increase the risk of cervi cal cancer. Another physical effect of prostitution is unwanted pregnancy and miscarriage. Over two-thirds of the women in the Minneapolis/St. Paul study had an average of three pregnancies during their time in prostitution, which they attempted to bring to term. Other health effects include irritable bowel syndrome, as well as partial and permanent disability. The emotional health consequences of prostitution include severe trauma, stress, depression, anxiety, self-medication through alcohol and drug abuse; and eating disorders. Almost all the women in the Minneapolis/St. Paul study categorized themselves as chemically addicted. Crack cocaine and alcohol were used most frequently. Ultimately, women in prostitution are also at special risk for self-mutilation, suicide and homicide. 46% of the women in the Minneapolis/St. Paul study had attempted suicide, and 19% had tried to harm themselves physically in other ways. More succinctly, women in prostitution suffer the same broken bones, concussions, STDs, chronic pelvic pain, and extreme stress and trauma that women who have been battered, raped and sexually abused endure. In fact, the case can be made that women in prostitution because they are subject to being battered, raped and sexually abused all at the same time over an extensive period suffer these health consequences more intensively and consistently. For example, in another survey of 55 victims/survivors of prostitution who used the services of the Council for Prostitution Alternative in Portland, Oregon, 78% were victims of rape by pimps and male buyers an average of 49 times a year; 84% were the victims of aggravated assault and were thus horribly beaten, often requiring emergency room attention and hospitalization; 53% were victims of sexual abuse and torture; and 27% were mutilated (Documentation available from the Council for Prostitution Alternatives). In developing countries, it has also been estimated that 70 percent of female infertility is caused by sexually transmitted diseases that can be traced back to their husbands or partners (Jodi L. Jacobson, The Other Epidemic, p. 10). Among women in rural Africa, female infertility is widespread from husbands or partners who migrate to urban areas, buy commercial sex, and bring home infection and sexually transmitted diseases. Women in prostitution industries have been blamed for this epidemic of STDs when, in reality, studies confirm that it is men who buy sex in the process of migration who carry the disease from one prostituted woman to another and ultimately back to their wives and girlfriends. In what becomes a vicious cycle, infertility leads to divorce and, in some cases, the ex-wife who is cast aside herself turns to prostitution to survive. The movement of abandoned or rejected ‘barren’ women to urban prostitution has been documented in Niger, Uganda, and the Cen tral African Republic. Numerous studies in Africa and Asia by the World Bank and a number of international research organizations have found that divorced or separated women comprise the great majority of prostitutes or ‘semi’ prostitutes’ (Jacobson, p. 13). Thus, a major health effect of the mass male consumption of commercial sex and the expansion of sex industries in developing countries, is not only a rampant increase in sexually transmitted diseases but an exponential increase in infertility. The further effects of this vicious cycle insure that a whole new segment of women who are abandoned by their husbands due to infertility, are propelled into prostitution for survival. Anti-AIDS groups have largely focused on negotiating safe sex by promoting condom usage. In both developing and industrialized country contexts, current campaigns to control the spread of HIV/AIDS by advocating safe sex for women in prostitution fail to address the blatant inequities between women who are bought for sex and the men who pay for it. Any AIDS strategy based on negotiating condom use between the purchaser of sex and the woman who must supply it assumes a symmetry of power that does not even exist between women and men in many personal consensual relationships. If AIDS programs are serious about eradicating AIDS, they must challenge the sex industry. Women in prostitution are targeted as the problem instead of making the sex industry problematic and challenging the mass male consumption of women and children in commercial sex. This is institutionalized when governments and NGOs argue for the medicalization of prostitution when they propose laws on prostitution which subject women to periodic medical check-ups. It is stated that women in the sex industry would be better protected if they submitted, or were required to submit, to health and especially STD screening. The way in which sex industries are responsible for the widespread health problems of women and children is mystified with proposals to implement health checks of women in the industry. No proposals have been forthcoming, from those who would propose both mandatory and voluntary medical surveillance for women in the sex industry, to medically monitor the men who would purchase sex. On the other hand, women’s groups have soundly rejected proposals to medical female genital mutilation. Women’s human rights organizations have refuted arguments that girls and women undergoing genital cutting would be better protected from its health risks and physical trauma if it were performed in hospitals under trained medical supervision. Although policies and programs that medical female genital mutilation may reduce some injury and infection, women’s groups have stressed that these policies and programs do not address or end the abuse of women’s human rights represented by the very institutionalization of this unnecessary and mutilating surgery in a medical context. The same is true with current attempts to medical prostitution. No action will stabilize the sex industry more than legitimating prostitution through the health care system. If medical personnel are called upon to monitor women in prostitution, as part of occupational health safety, we will have no hope of eradicating the industry. Furthermore, from a health perspective alone, it is inconceivable that medicalization of women in the industry will reduce infection and injury without concomitant medicalization of the male buyers. Thus medicalization, which is rightly viewed as a consumer protection act for men rather than as a real protection for women, ultimately protects neither women nor men. As with other forms of violence against women, eradicating the health burden of prostitution entails addressing but going beyond its health effects. To address the health consequences of prostitution, the international human rights community must understand that prostitution harms women and that in addition to needing health services; women must be provided with the economic, social and psychological means to leave prostitution. Until prostitution is accepted as violence against women and a violation of women’s human rights, the health consequences of prostitution cannot be addressed adequately. Conversely, until the health burden of prostitution is made visible, the violence of prostitution will remain hidden. The Relationship between prostitution and Crime. It has been said earlier that prostitution itself is not illegal but it is the â€Å"activities associated with it, including soliciting, advertising using cards in telephone boxes and kerb crawling, are criminal offences.† (David Blunkett 2004). The validation for making prostitution illegal as a rule has to do with the protection of women, and the management of sexually transmitted diseases. This could be sensible if in general prostitution itself was illegal. â€Å"In practice however, the fact that prostitution is illegal, normally results in the exploitation and abuse of prostitutes, and does contribute to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.† (Anon, 2001). This thereby leads us to the following ways in which prostitution is related to crime. One of the ways in which prostitution is related to crime is because of the involvement of drugs. According to Blunkett’s definition of prostitution as â€Å"the exchange of sexual services for some form of payment – usually money or drugs† (David Blunkett 2004), it could be noticed that most of the prostitutes especially the street ones take drugs. In one of the research on prostitution done, one of the prostitutes said that if she gives prostitution, she would not be able to get money to buy drugs (, 2008). In addition, because of the addictiveness of drugs, it would be very difficult to leave this act. Another way in which prostitution is related to crime is because of the sex crimes involved. Sex crimes such as rape, child molestations, teenage sexual abuse and sexual harassment in general are all factors that relate prostitution to crime. In addition, because of the fact that prostitution itself is illegal, the perpetrator and the victim who would both be seen as perpetrators would not report these sexual crimes to the police if they happen to take place. Because of this, the sex criminals take advantages of this and commit their crimes because they know the case would not be reported. These acts are part of the risks prostitutes face in doing their work. This leads us further to another mode in which prostitution is related to crime. The police do not take seriously some reports on sex crime inflicted on the prostitutes. In other words there is no criminal justice. According to Gerdes, â€Å"the case of the infamous serial killer ‘Peter Sutcliffe’ also known as the Yorkshire Ripper was not taken too seriously until if was found that also attacked other women who were not prostitutes.† (Louise I. Gerdes 2007). Furthermore, the act of ‘Kerb crawling’ in prostitution is seen as a criminal act. Kerb crawling â€Å"is the act of driving slowly beside a sidewalk looking for a prostitute to pick up.† (Encarta Dictionary Tools 2006). During the period of 1958-2002, there was a high rate of cautions and convictions in of Kerb crawlers in England and Wales. The chart below shows this: Another way in which prostitution is related to crime is through the act of Brothel Keeping. A brothel â€Å"is a place where people pay to have sexual intercourse with prostitutes.† (Encarta Dictionary Tools 2006). Also, during the period of 1985-2002 there was a high population of individuals cautioned and convicted for brothel keeping. The chart below shows this: How the Government can curb prostitution The government can reduce the ever-increasing act of prostitution in several ways. One of the major ways I that the government can reduce the act of prostitution is by banning it. According to ‘The Prostitution Agenda’ video, a way in which the government can curb prostitution is by â€Å"recognising prostitution as a social exploitation and making it an offence to buy sex† This Act was called the Swedish approach. (www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_ngNPsYgLc). Another way in which the government can put an end to the act of prostitution is by making the risks involved known to the individuals. A recent Non-Government institution has been engaging in a campaign on the risks prostitutes face and how every woman involved in prostitution is a victim of violence and other sex crimes. Furthermore, the government can also curb prostitution by acting very strictly to the offenders of this sex work because if offenders were punished with no leniency, the high rate of prostitution in the UK would surely reduce. According to the present law, one prostitute may work from an indoor premise, but if there are two or more prostitutes, the place is considered a brothel and it is an offence. Historically, local police forces have wavered between zero tolerance of prostitution and unofficial red light districts. During recent years, there has been long and widespread debate about the legal situation of prostitution in the UK, and, currently, the government appears to favors tough anti-prostitution laws. The debate had centered around whether UK should follow the example of Netherlands, Germany or New Zealand and tolerate prostitution, or whether the country should make it illegal to pay for sex, like in Sweden, Norway and Iceland. In 2006, the government raised the possibility of loosening the prostitution laws and allowing small brothels in England and Wales, but in the end, the plans to allow mini brothels were abandoned, after fears that such establishments would bring pimps and drug dealers into residential areas. Instead, it was decided that prostitution should not be tolerated and the laws should become even stricter. After this, government ministers suggested that rather than permitting mini-brothels, they would like to tackle the demand side of prostitution and make it illegal to pay for sex. One proponent of this was (Minister for Women and Equality, Harriet Harman) Ministers pointed to Sweden, where purchasing sexual services is a criminal offence. The governments tougher approach towards prostitution began to make legislative progress in 2008, as (Home Secretary Jacqui Smith) announced that paying for sex from a prostitute under the control of a pimp would become a criminal offence. Clients could also face rape charges for knowingly paying for sex from an illegally trafficked woman, and first-time offenders could face charges. The Policing and Crime Act 2009 made it an offence to pay for the services of a prostitute subjected to force to implement that proposal. It also made other provisions in relation to prostitution. The law on prostitution Conclusion Prostitution overall is a very risky business which is internationally known all over the world. Prostitutes are aware of the risks involved in this business before and/or during their involvement in it. The Government can only play a role in trying to put an end to prostitution cannot do it completely. It now depends on the individuals involved and if they are ready to give up this risky business for a more decent life because I believe that only by going to the root cause of prostitution, which are the factors that make up the demand, will we end the sexual exploitation and abuse of women through prostitution. We need to urge all governments, NGOs, and religious communities to focus on reducing the demand for victims of sex trafficking and prostitution. All the components of the demand need to be penalized – the men who purchase sex acts, the exploiters – the traffickers and pimps who profit from the sale of women for sex, the states that fund deceptive messages and a ct as pimp, and the culture that lies about the nature of prostitution. We could greatly reduce the number of victims, if the demand for them was penalized. If there were no men seeking to buy sex acts, no women and children would be bought and sold for any sexual reasons. If there were no brothels waiting for victims, no victims would be recruited. If there were no states that profited from the sex trade, there would be no regulations that facilitated the flow of women from poor towns to wealthier sex industry centres. If there were no false messages about prostitution, no women or girls would be deceived into thinking prostitution is a glamorous or legitimate job. Bibliography Blunkett, D. (2004). Paying the Price: A Consultation Paper on prostitution. 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